Evander meets the hero Hercules and together they build the Ara Maxima; Cerberus, the guard dog for the Underworld; The Romans offer a huge sacrifice to the gods; Augustus builds many temples During World War II and the Holocaust, the Nazis murdered 220,000 to 500,000 Romanies in a genocide referred to as the Porajmos. Like the Jews, they were segregated and forced to move into ghettos before they were sent to concentration or extermination camps. They were frequently killed on sight by the Einsatzgruppen, especially on the Eastern Front. 25% of European Roma died in the genocide. [47] Post-war history [ edit ] Fun and varied exercises include word identification, word manipulation, vocab acquisition / consolidation, and translation from English into Latin. Daubner's view has a lineage. He cites Ramsey MacMullen's claim in Romanization in the Time of Augustus that Roman and Italian civilians ‘moved or lodged where they pleased, while fitting in not too badly’. Footnote 43 This opinion is similar to that of Robert Errington, who in 1988 argued that the ‘peaceful penetration of Greek social and state institutions by Rhomaioi’ had favourably transformed Greek economic, social and cultural institutions, on the one hand, and Roman and Italian identity on the other: ‘[they] often remained in their chosen Greek city so long and lived there with such enthusiasm that they obtained local citizenship’. Footnote 44 An earlier generation of historians includes Edward Gibbon, Francis Haverfield, René Cagnat and other colonial-era writers who saw Rome's presences overseas as essentially beneficial. Not coincidentally, their narratives resemble that of some Romans. ‘In fact’, Cicero declares in the Verrines, ‘our Roman businessmen ( negotiatores) are linked with the Sicilians in the closest way by daily interaction, material interests, common sense and friendly rapport’. Footnote 45

The de Romanis textbooks have breathed new life into Latin learning!” – Emma Kate Trow-Poole, The King's School, UK The Latin element of the course tends towards ‘grammar-translation’, with the explanation of new material followed by its consolidation in language exercises and the stories. Typically, the ‘Core Language’ sections commence with practice sentences and grammar explanations, followed by stories, which are all based on the cultural material covered in the introduction of the chapter, thus allowing students to utilise their recently gained cultural knowledge to aid them in translating. There is a focus on vocabulary learning before translation, and all the chapter's vocabulary is printed at the start of each ‘Core Language’ section, so that the translations are a means of reinforcing knowledge rather than generating it. In terms of the grammar sequencing, this course deviates from many other courses in several areas. The first tense that it introduces is the perfect tense, followed by the imperfect tense and then the present tense. This may perhaps help to avoid the common problem that many students who are new to Latin tend to automatically translate the present tense as a past tense in reading material of courses which introduce the present tense first. The course also introduces the ablative after the nominative and the accusative, and the present participle relatively early in chapter 5, with the aim of avoiding a bulge in grammar at any point. The pace of the grammar slows down in book 2, to allow more time for consolidation, with specific consolidation activities built into the final chapters. As a whole, Evers seeks to demonstrate the mechanisms that Roman-world associations used to augment group cohesion, enforce contracts with strangers and maintain long-distance networks. In doing so, he categorises some associations and networks as diasporas. His use of this term merits some attention. Evers does not explicate whether or how shared ethnicity or origins differentiated the behaviour of diaspora groups from that of other communities. Yet the designation of a population as a diaspora has limited heuristic value if the population's migration from a shared place of origin is the sole ground for doing so: persecution and other forms of oppression have long been important to distinguishing the behaviours of diasporas from other migrant groups. Footnote 20 A clear elaboration of Evers's use of the term — even one that rejects the significance of oppression for identifying a group as a diaspora — would have strengthened the theoretical underpinnings of the volume. Footnote 21 Ultimately, however, the absence of a definition does not detract from Evers's contributions. He uncovers the integral role of non-state institutions in long-distance trade networks; the impact of those networks on stylistic preferences in Italy; and the availability of items from India, like pepper and perfume, to non-elite consumers in remote parts of the Roman Empire. In addition, his discussion of Indian associations will be welcome to those who study associations of the Roman world that were involved in trade. Moreover, maps at the end of the book offer helpful visual guidance for a study of such scope. In 1879, a national meeting of Romanis was held in the Hungarian town of Kisfalu (now Pordašinci, Slovenia). Romanis in Bulgaria held a conference in 1919, in an attempt to demand that they be given the right to vote, and a Romani journal, Istiqbal ("future"), was founded in 1923. [27] According to historian Norman Davies, a 1378 law passed by the governor of Nauplion in the Greek Peloponnese, confirming privileges for the "atsingani", is "the first documented record of Romany Gypsies in Europe". Similar documents, again representing the Romanis as a group that had been exiled from Egypt, record them reaching Braşov, Transylvania, in 1416; Hamburg, Holy Roman Empire, in 1418; and Paris in 1427. A chronicler for a Parisian journal described them as dressed in a manner that the Parisians considered shabby and reported that the Church had them leave town because they practiced palm-reading and fortune-telling. [40]

Evers's Worlds Apart complements de Romanis's monograph with its focus on the role of trade and social networks in the systems of production, distribution and consumption that connected the Roman world and the Indian subcontinent. The volume draws on a range of evidence from 30 b.c.e. to the end of the sixth century c.e., a period that spans Augustus’ annexation of Egypt and the abandonment of the harbour of Berenike and eventually Egypt itself. The broad geographic and chronological scope of the study is punctuated by case studies. Fonseca, Isabel (1996). Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-73743-8. The International Romani Union was officially established in 1977, and in 1990, the fourth World Congress declared that 8 April is the International Day of the Roma, a day to celebrate Romani culture and raise awareness of the issues affecting the Romani community. [62]

Extensive collection of Latin texts submitted by contributors from around the world (no translations). The Latin Qvarter Italy, Philae, Alexandria and Delos were worlds apart. Italy is at the sea's midpoint. To the east lies Delos, at the centre of the Cyclades. Alexandria perched on the Egyptian coast and the island of Philae sits in the Nile in Upper Egypt, just north of where the Aswan High Dam now stands. Mediterranean connectivity made travel across the varied, difficult topography that separated these places possible for those with the means. Yet connectivity alone was not responsible for the arrival of migrants from Italy to Delos and Egypt and the rise of their wide-ranging networks. The connections adumbrated above depended on disconnections like that of Delians from their homeland and the social, political and cultural worlds of which they were a part. Such disconnections were essential to the mechanics of empire. The author Ralph Lilley Turner has theorised a central Indian origin of the Romani, followed by a migration to northwest India, as the Romani language shares a number of ancient isoglosses with Central Indo-Aryan languages in relation to realization of some sounds of Old Indo-Aryan. This is lent further credence by its sharing exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as Kashmiri and Shina through the adoption of oblique enclitic pronouns as person markers. The overall morphology suggests that Romani participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of New Indo-Aryan languages, thus indicating that the proto-Romani did not leave the Indian subcontinent until late in the second half of the first millennium. [4] [5] Origin [ edit ] The initial arrival of Romani outside Bern in the 15th century, described by the chronicler as getoufte heiden "baptized heathens" and drawn wearing Saracene-style clothes and weapons ( Spiezer Schilling, p. 749).a b c d Klíma, Josef (26 February 2000). "The Roma Exodus to Canada". Roma in the Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Marius reforms the Roman army; Lucullus is denied a triumph; Caesar launches an invasion of Britain; Caesar conquers Vercingetorix and all of Gaul; Civil War in Rome Roma skeletal remains exhumed from Castle Mall in Norwich, UK, were radiocarbon-dated by liquid scintillation spectrometry [ clarification needed] to circa 930–1050AD. [29] Arrival in Europe [ edit ] The migration of the Romani people through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe. The key shows the century of arrival in that area, e.g., S.XII is the 12th century. The Romani have been described by Diana Muir Appelbaum as unique among peoples, because they have never identified themselves with a territory. They have no tradition of an ancient and distant homeland from which their ancestors migrated, nor do they claim the right to national sovereignty in any of the lands where they reside. Rather, Romani identity is bound up with the ideal of freedom expressed, in part, in having no ties to a homeland. [7] The absence of a written history has meant that the origin and early history of the Romani people was long an enigma. Indian origin was suggested on linguistic grounds as early as the late 18th century. [8]

Genetic evidence has identified an Indian origin for the Roma. [10] [2] This makes the Romani descendants of people who emigrated from South Asia towards Central Asia during the medieval period. [11] Linguistic origins [ edit ] De Romanis is broken down into two volumes. The first, dei et deae, is based around the gods and aspects of Roman religion, and the second, homines, focuses on Rome's history. The first thing to strike about this course is the ‘meatiness’ of it: the amount of learning material which it provides. Anyone teaching from this course will not go wanting for both cultural and language resources. The structure of the course is built around five strands, and each of the chapters follows this format: an ‘Introduction’, which provides cultural context to the theme of the chapter; ‘Sources to Study’, which each include four different ancient sources; ‘Questions for Discussion’; ‘Core Language’, containing the new language material for the chapter; and ‘Additional Language’, with further practice activities designed for a range of abilities. There is an impressive amount of material contained both in the cultural sections as well as the language sections, and particularly the ‘Additional Language’ section provides a lot of varied activities for language reinforcement. The structure of the chapter sections and the amount of material means that teachers will have to ‘curate’ the material a little more in a classroom environment, but as the authors themselves suggest in the teacher's guide, it is unlikely that one class would do all the available exercises. Here, however, I return to the Mediterranean to explore the stakes of the prominence of connectivity in the study of mobility in the Roman Empire. Research on mobility in the Roman Empire has tended to portray connectivity as a positive attribute of the Mediterranean, though not always explicitly or deliberately. Yet there is abundant evidence for the disconnectivities, so to speak, of mobility in the empire. I use the term disconnectivity to describe the severance of ties and destruction of networks that resulted from phenomena that have been categorised as instances of connectivity and connection. Footnote 26 Although ‘isolation’ might seem a more established rubric to describe such disconnections, ‘disconnectivity’ puts them in considered tension with connectivity. Footnote 27 Here and in Section IV, I focus on the unprecedented expansion of Roman power in the last three centuries b.c.e. It is in this period of imperial activity that the contrast between connection and disconnect is particularly vivid. Footnote 28 In 1758, Maria Theresa of Austria began a program of assimilation to turn Romanis into ujmagyar (new Hungarians). The government built permanent huts to replace mobile tents, forbade travel, and forcefully removed children from their parents to be fostered by non-Romani. [27] By 1894, the majority of Romanis counted in a Hungarian national census were sedentary. In 1830, Romani children in Nordhausen were taken from their families to be fostered by Germans. [27] Bloomsbury Classics titles is partnering with Classoos during school closures and offering free digital access to the school textbooks – this includes the new de Romanis and also the OCR textbooks.In 2000, the 5th World Romani Congress issued an official declaration in which it stated that the Romani people are a non-territorial nation. [63] See also [ edit ] In The Corrupting Sea, Horden and Purcell presented a new vision of the premodern Mediterranean. They argued that its regional coherence was due to a distinctive regime of risk, logic of production, topographical fragmentation and connectivity. The Corrupting Sea (henceforth CS) was the self-described successor of Fernand Braudel, who in 1949 argued that the sixteenth-century Mediterranean possessed a ‘unity and coherence’ that allowed historians to write longue durée histories of the region in addition to histories of individuals, peoples and events within it. Footnote 12 Of the elements that make up Horden and Purcell's fourfold model, connectivity has been the most influential for how researchers think about the Mediterranean. The authors imported the concept from locational analysis to explain the various ways in which its microregions cohered internally and with each other. Footnote 13 They further argued that the degree to which connectivity characterised the region made it distinct from any other comparable area. Use of the concept now ranges from the strict sense that Horden and Purcell originally intended to a generalising descriptor for connected ness. Footnote 14 As Brent Shaw observed, CS is ‘one of those manifest watersheds in the study of antiquity’. Footnote 15 Daubner misapprehends the power dynamics at Lissus. The lines above do not show the town's Roman community, which Caesar calls a conventus civium Romanorum, helpfully mediating between locals and Roman authorities. They show the control that these Romans maintained over the town's political loyalties, regardless of local preference.