Cox, Arthur N., ed. (2000), Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (Fourthed.), AIP Press, pp.258–259, ISBN 0-387-98746-0 , which rounds N 2 and O 2 to four significant digits without affecting the total because 0.004% was removed from N 2 and added to O 2. It includes 20 constituents. Standard Dry Air is the composition of gases that make up air at sea level. It is a standard scientific unit of measurement. Standard Dry Air is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, krypton, hydrogen, and xenon. It does not include water vapor because the amount of vapor changes based on humidity and temperature. Because air masses are constantly moving, Standard Dry Air is not accurate everywhere at once. Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence, the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos, meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere. [31] The troposphere is denser than all its overlying layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6km (3.5mi; 18,000ft) of the troposphere. The exhibition information centre and film viewing area will be in Millennium Square providing visitors with fascinating earth facts and useful ideas about how they can make a difference and help preserve the planet for future generations. a b c "Exosphere - overview". UCAR. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved April 19, 2015.

With Arthus-Bertrand and exhibition organisers keen to make people think about steps they can take to help the environment, the photographer off-sets his flights' carbon emissions by planting trees. The upper limit varies depending on the definition. Various authorities consider it to end at about 10,000 kilometres (6,200mi) [23] or about 190,000 kilometres (120,000mi)—about halfway to the moon, where the influence of Earth's gravity is about the same as radiation pressure from sunlight. [22] The geocorona visible in the far ultraviolet (caused by neutral hydrogen) extends to at least 100,000 kilometres (62,000mi). [22]Marshak, Alexander; Várnai, Tamás; Kostinski, Alexander (15 May 2017). "Terrestrial glint seen from deep space: oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (10): 5197. Bibcode: 2017GeoRL..44.5197M. doi: 10.1002/2017GL073248. S2CID 109930589. Edlén, Bengt (1966). "The refractive index of air". Metrologia. 2 (2): 71–80. Bibcode: 1966Metro...2...71E. doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/2/2/002. Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O 2 and O 3 absorb almost all radiation with wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometres. Water (H 2O) absorbs at many wavelengths above 700nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below. Taken from the air, the pictures show a bird's-eye view of the extraordinary patterns and colours created in landscapes all over the world. Some are the result of human activity - farming, industry or habitation. Others are entirely sculpted by nature itself.

I think the pictures are amazing, some of them leave you standing with your jaw to the floor. I know mine was, such beauty. The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion. During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000m (9,800ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions. What a fantastic exhibition! I have been late for sooooo many meetings. Its lovely to have it right there in open view. I even (unusually) brought my teenage daughter into town just to look at it earlier in the year.Inspired use of public space:¬)Dawn Earth has one natural satellite, the moon. Earth is the only planet in the solar system to have one moon. Venus and Mercury do not have any moons, for example, while Jupiter and Saturn each have more than a dozen.The end of Earth will come with the end of the sun. In a few billion years, the sun will no longer be able to sustain the nuclear reactions that keep its mass and luminosity consistent. First, the sun will lose more than a quarter of its mass, which will loosen its gravitational hold on Earth. Earth’s orbit will widen to about 1.7 AU. But the sun will also gain volume, expanding to about 250 times its current size. The sun in this red giant phase will drag Earth into its own fiery atmosphere, destroying the planet. Main article: Atmospheric chemistry Composition of Earth's atmosphere by molecular count, excluding water vapor. Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.0434% of the atmosphere (0.0442% at August 2021 concentrations [4] [5]). Numbers are mainly from 2000, with CO 2 and methane from 2019, and do not represent any single source. [3] As organisms die and decompose, they release carbon into the ocean, soil, or atmosphere. Plants and other autotrophs use this carbon for photosynthesis, starting the carbon cycle again. Yann's agent came to see me asking if we'd be interested in putting an exhibition together to launch his book," he said.

IPCC (2021). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC AR6 WG1. pp.4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-11 . Retrieved 2021-11-20. In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, the temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile, or lapse rate, is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. [18] The altitudes of the five layers are as follows: Other layers The volume fraction of the main gases in Earth's atmosphere according to height. The boundary between the homosphere (left) and heterosphere (right) is at about 100 km. The outermost layer of the exosphere (off the chart) is dominated by hydrogen. [32]With over 100,000 shots in the collection, Yann has chosen the 160 exhibits to communicate his own vision. The Mesozoic era began about 251 million years ago. This was the era when dinosaurs flourished. The Mezozoic has three periods: the Triassic, the Jurassic, and the Cretaceous. Main article: Troposphere A picture of Earth's troposphere with its different cloud types of low to high altitudes casting shadows. Sunlight is reflected off the ocean, after it was filtered into a redish light by passing through much of the troposphere at sunset. The above lying stratosphere can be seen at the horizon as a band of its characteristic glow of blue scattered sunlight. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune all have atmospheres made mostly of hydrogen and helium. These planets are called gas giants, because they are mostly made of gas and do not have a solid outer crust. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras. During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000km (31 to 621mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth.