a b c Clarkson, Neil (2007-04-16). "Understanding horse intelligence". Horsetalk 2007. Horsetalk. Archived from the original on 2013-01-24 . Retrieved 2008-09-16. Some special anatomical features from horse urinary organs are found. The kidney of a horse has no lobulation, and the renal pyramid is not so prominent. You will easily identify the horse’s kidneys with their shape. The right kidney is heart-shaped and the left kidney is bean-shaped in a horse. Bryant, Jennifer Olson; George Williams (2006). The USDF Guide to Dressage. Storey Publishing. pp.271–272. ISBN 978-1-58017-529-6. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20 . Retrieved 2020-09-28. Pavord, Tony; Pavord, Marcy (2007). Complete Equine Veterinary Manual. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-1883-6. Lacrimal bone: contains the nasolacrimal duct, which carries fluid from the surface of the eye, to the nose

Thomas, Heather Smith. "True Horse Sense". Thoroughbred Times. Thoroughbred Times Company. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02 . Retrieved 2008-07-08. Ligaments attach bone to bone, and are vital in stabilizing joints as well as supporting structures. They are made up of fibrous material that is generally quite strong. Due to their relatively poor blood supply, ligament injuries generally take a long time to heal. The spinous process of axis vertebrae is divided into two parts by two ridges and projected caudally. a b Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (Firsted.). Solvang, CA: Amigo Publications, Inc. p.7. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6. OCLC 39709067.

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The 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae are considered to be the lower cervical vertebrae and unlike the rest of vertebrae in this section, have rudimentary dorsal spinous processes as there is a transition from the cervical to thoracic spine. The 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae may also have genetic malformations on their underside where muscles attach³, and this will be discussed later. Olsen, Sandra L. "Horses in Prehistory". Anthropology Research. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-16.

Sacrosciatic ligament: Originates from the sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae, inserts into the pelvis. You will find a J-shaped simple secular stomach in a horse at the left side of the median plane of the body. There are both glandular and non-glandular parts in a horse stomach. The most important characteristic features of the horse stomach are margoplicatus. Margoplicatus is the structure that divides the glandular and non-glandular parts of a horse stomach. Let’s find some special osteological features from forelimb and leg bone of horse anatomy. Bones of fore limbs from horse At the cranial-most part of the nuchal ligament, two other structures are also commonly found; the cranial and caudal nuchal bursae. The simplified role of each of these bursae is to help the glide of the funicular part of the nuchal ligament over the atlas (cranial nuchal bursa) and axis (caudal). They are not always present and may develop after birth.Elbow Joint – The elbow joint is formed between the distal end (farthest) of the humerus and proximal ends (nearest) of the radius and ulna (which are fused in a horse). Flexion (bending) and extension are possible in the horse between the humerus and radius/ulna. The elbow is a typical synovial joint. Price, Steven D.; Shiers, Jessie (2007). The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary (Reviseded.). Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. p.231. ISBN 978-1-59921-036-0. Stoddard, Samuel. "Unit Activities". Co H, 4th Virginia Cavalry. Washington Webworks, LLC. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18 . Retrieved 2008-04-29. This module of vet-Anatomy presents 135 labeled anatomical illustrations of the osteology of the horse, specially illustrated and selected for veterinary students and equine veterinarians.

Corum, Stephanie J. (May 1, 2003). "A Horse of a Different Color". The Horse. Archived from the original on 2015-09-18 . Retrieved 2010-02-11.

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LeQuire, Elise (2004-01-04). "No Grass, No Horse". The Horse. Archived from the original on 2013-01-09 . Retrieved 2009-06-08. The renal pelvic is more dialated in the horse. Urinary bladder is comparatively small in horse compare to a cow. Male genital organs from horse anatomy Denoix, J. and Pailloux, J., 2011b. Treatment by Anatomical area. In: J. Denoix and J. Pailloux, ed., Physical Therapy and Massage of the Horse, 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, pp.175-180. Coarse, Jim (2008-06-17). "What Big Brown Couldn't Tell You and Mr. Ed Kept to Himself (part 1)". The Blood Horse. Archived from the original on 2012-05-21 . Retrieved 2008-09-16. I know this little information is not enough to learn the osteological characteristics of bones from horse anatomy. But you might get a basic concept of bones with their special features from this article. Syndesmology of horse

Nuchal and supraspinous ligaments: the nuchal ligament attaches to the dorsal surface of the cervical vertebrae. Its dorsal section extends from the occipital protuberance of the skull (the poll) to the withers, then narrows to become the supraspinous ligament. It also connects the 2-7th cervical vertebrae to the 1-3rd thoracic vertebrae. Its main purpose is to support the head and allow it to be moved upward or downward. DeFilippis, Chris (2006). The Everything Horse Care Book. Avon, MA: Adams Media. p.4. ISBN 978-1-59337-530-0. OCLC 223814651. The right adrenal gland is located medial to the caudal vena cave and between the vena cave and psoas muscles. The left adrenal gland of horse is shorter than the right one. Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest. Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a 24-hour period may range from several minutes to a couple of hours, [117] mostly in short intervals of about 15minutes each. [118] The average sleep time of a domestic horse is said to be 2.9 hours per day. [119] Evans, J. (1990). The Horse (Seconded.). New York: Freeman. p. 90. ISBN 0-7167-1811-1. OCLC 20132967.Horse Mounted Unit". United States Park Police. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-04-07. There are 18 pairs of intercostal arteries in a horse. The celiac artery of horse mainly divides into three major branches – splenic artery, left gastric artery, and hepatic artery. There is no median sacral artery in horse. Horse hoof anatomy and skin features