Kruskal-Walls test was used to identify the difference of alpha diversity indices and bacterial species which showed significant differences between different groups by R stats package.

Effects of lipopolysaccharide and interleukins on the expression of avian β-defensins in hen ovarian follicular tissue. Shifting the gut pH to make the right environment for good bacteria to grow can totally suppress the growth of other nastier bacteria, such as E. The pattern molecules in the cell wall of LR and CB may be commonly recognized by TLR2 because both are gram-positive bacteria.

Amplification of the hypervariable V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was performed by using ’universal’ primers 515F (5′-GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGTAA-3′) and 806R (5′-GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAA-3′) flanked with adapter and barcode sequences ( Kuczynski et al. Feeding chickens a little yogurt occasionally is fine, but too much dairy can cause digestive upset and diarrhea. The expression of AvBDs and CATHs in the chick intestine was affected by infection with Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Eimeria in in vivo studies ( Hong et al.

Because of HCl gastric secretion which starts at day 18 of incubation, a newborn chick is at high risk for disease. At necropsy, different sections of intestines were examined and collected for histological observation according the previous methods in our lab ( Zhang et al. In the ileum, the expression levels of IL-1β in the LR and CB groups and that of TGFβ2 in the CB group were higher than that in the Con group ( Fig. Continue to feed probiotics through every life stage to maintain a healthy digestive system,” says Olson. Birds establish gut microflora through the feed they eat and the environment in which they’re raised.TLR21 recognizes unmethylated CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) of bacteria and viruses ( Keestra et al.

Also, other studies have reported the beneficial effects of different probiotics on the broiler growth ( Zuanon et al.

We have also found them useful after a bout of sour crop or vent gleet when yeasts get a foothold and disrupt the delicate normal balance.