The sargassum frogfish has adapted fins which can grab strands of sargassum, enabling it to "climb" through the seaweed. [2] Hunting [ edit ] A spotfin frogfish waiting amid the coral Guayasamin, Juan M.; Krynak, Tim; Krynak, Katherine; Culebras, Jaime; Hutter, Carl R. (2015). "Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog ( Pristimantis ) with the ability to change skin texture: Phenotypic plasticity in Andean rainfrog". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 173 (4): 913–928. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12222. Gordon, Malcolm S.; Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut; Kelly, Hamilton M. (1961), "Osmotic regulation in the crab-eating frog ( Rana cancrivora)", Journal of Experimental Biology, 38 (3): 659–678, doi: 10.1242/jeb.38.3.659 Zhang, Peng; Zhou, Hui; Chen, Yue-Qin; Liu, Yi-Fei; Qu, Liang-Hu (2005). "Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians". Systematic Biology. 54 (3): 391–400. doi: 10.1080/10635150590945278. PMID 16012106.

Some frogs, such as the poison dart frogs, are especially toxic. The native peoples of South America extract poison from these frogs to apply to their weapons for hunting, [185] although few species are toxic enough to be used for this purpose. At least two non-poisonous frog species in tropical America ( Eleutherodactylus gaigei and Lithodytes lineatus) mimic the colouration of dart poison frogs for self-protection. [186] [187] Some frogs obtain poisons from the ants and other arthropods they eat. [188] Others, such as the Australian corroboree frogs ( Pseudophryne corroboree and Pseudophryne pengilleyi), can synthesize the alkaloids themselves. [189] The chemicals involved may be irritants, hallucinogens, convulsants, nerve poisons or vasoconstrictors. Many predators of frogs have become adapted to tolerate high levels of these poisons, but other creatures, including humans who handle the frogs, may be severely affected. [190] The reproductive behavior of the normally solitary frogfish is still not fully researched. Few observations in aquaria and even fewer from the wild have been made. Most species are free-spawning, with females laying the eggs in the water and males coming in behind to fertilize them. From eight hours to several days before the egg-laying, the abdomen of the female starts to swell as up to 180,000 eggs absorb water. [7] The male begins to approach the female around two days before the spawning. Whether the spawn is predetermined by some external factor, such as the phase of the moon, or if the male is attracted to a smell or signal released by the female, is unknown. In all hitherto observed breeding pairs, one partner was noticeably larger than the other, sometimes as much as 10 times. When the gender could be determined, the larger partner was always the female.Jerzy Wełna, ' Metathetic and Non-Metathetic Form Selection in Middle English', Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 30 (2002), 501–18 (p. 504). Gerhardt, H. C. (1994). "The evolution of vocalization in frogs and toads". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 25: 293–324. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001453. frosh | frosk, n.1.". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Astley, H. C.; Roberts, T. J. (2011). "Evidence for a vertebrate catapult: elastic energy storage in the plantaris tendon during frog jumping". Biology Letters. 8 (3): 386–389. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0982. PMC 3367733. PMID 22090204. Frog fossils have been found on all of the earth's continents. [40] [41] In 2020, it was announced that 40 million year old helmeted frog fossils had been discovered by a team of vertebrate paleontologists in Seymour Island on the Antarctic Peninsula, indicating that this region was once home to frogs related to those now living in South American Nothofagus forest. [42] Phylogeny

Suthers, R.A.; Narins, P.M.; Lin, W; Schnitzler, H; Denzinger, A; Xu, C; Feng, A.S. (2006). "Voices of the dead: complex nonlinear vocal signals from the larynx of an ultrasonic frog". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (24): 4984–4993. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02594. PMID 17142687. Morphology and physiology A bullfrog skeleton, showing elongated limb bones and extra joints. Red marks indicate bones which have been substantially elongated in frogs and joints which have become mobile. Blue indicates joints and bones which have not been modified or only somewhat elongated.

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Few traces of frogfishes remain in the fossil record, though Antennarius monodi is known from the Miocene of Algeria and Eophryne barbuttii is known from the Eocene of Italy. Kayes, Sara M.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E. (2009). "Metabolic depression during aestivation in Cyclorana alboguttata". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology– Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 154 (4): 557–563. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.001. PMID 19737622. Slow-motion photography shows that the muscles have passive flexibility. They are first stretched while the frog is still in the crouched position, then they are contracted before being stretched again to launch the frog into the air. The fore legs are folded against the chest and the hind legs remain in the extended, streamlined position for the duration of the jump. [50] In some extremely capable jumpers, such as the Cuban tree frog ( Osteopilus septentrionalis) and the northern leopard frog ( Rana pipiens), the peak power exerted during a jump can exceed that which the muscle is theoretically capable of producing. When the muscles contract, the energy is first transferred into the stretched tendon which is wrapped around the ankle bone. Then the muscles stretch again at the same time as the tendon releases its energy like a catapult to produce a powerful acceleration beyond the limits of muscle-powered acceleration. [105] A similar mechanism has been documented in locusts and grasshoppers. [106] Frogs are used in cloning research and other branches of embryology. Although alternative pregnancy tests have been developed, biologists continue to use Xenopus as a model organism in developmental biology because their embryos are large and easy to manipulate, they are readily obtainable, and can easily be kept in the laboratory. [224] Xenopus laevis is increasingly being displaced by its smaller relative, Xenopus tropicalis, which reaches its reproductive age in five months rather than the one to two years for X. laevis, [225] thus facilitating faster studies across generations.