The studies were located in the UK ( Ablett 1998; Hartley 1996; Thomas 1995; Wright 1993), the US ( Sullivan 2009; Wilson 2008), Ireland ( Rice 1996), the Netherlands ( Nordkam 2005 ), Italy ( Mingoli 1996) and Germany ( Meyer 1996). Study design: randomised controlled trial according to operation date and time. Object of randomisation: operations randomisation by envelope; authors wrote that randomisation was based on a computer generated random number Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.

Number of perforated glove pairs per total number of procedures. Perforation detection: firstly the gloves were filled with air, immersed in water and perforations were noted as air bubbles. Secondly, the gloves were filled with water and perforations were noted as jet of water. For the second half of the study additional testing was performed with a specifically designed electrical testing device.nursing or nurse or nurses or physician or physicians or "health care personnel" or "health personnel" or "health care worker" or "health care workers" or "Clinicians*" or "Dentist*" or "Health‐Personnel" or "Medical Personnel" or "Military‐Medical‐Personnel" or "Nurses*" or "Physician*" or "Psychiatric‐Hospital‐Staff*" or "medical students" or "hospitals" or "occupational exposure" or "occupational exposures").mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts] BD ® Blunt Fill Needle (SKU: 303129), BD Emerald™ Syringe with attached BD ® Blunt Fill Needle (SKU: 303221, 303139, 303140), BD Plastipak™Syringes with attached BD ®Blunt Fill Needle (SKU: 309744, 309745, 309746, 309747) are CE marked and are CE certified with AEMPS (0318).

health care personnel'/exp OR 'health care personnel' OR 'health care worker'/exp OR 'health care worker' OR 'health care workers' OR 'health care facilities and services'/exp OR 'medical profession'/exp OR 'nursing as a profession'/exp OR ('virus transmission'/exp AND 'patient'/exp AND professional) Our range of SE needles for primary corneal–scleral closure are made from Surgalloy™ for enhanced strength and ductility, to prevent bending and breakage. Perforation detection: The gloves were filled with water and perforations were noted as jets of water. Secondary outcome: Ease of use of the needles. Outcome: percentage of perforated gloves. Detection method not reported but we assumed that this was the combined air and water method developed by one of the authors. UK. HCWs performing suturing of perineal tears and episiotomies including perineal skin. Intervention group n = 104 surgeon‐operations. Control group n = 91 surgeon operations. Number observed: 195 pairs of gloves.

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We pooled studies with sufficient data, and judged to be clinically homogeneous, with RevMan software ( RevMan 2011). High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.

Our improved SS and HE needles use AcuTip™ technology, a unique manufacturing process, which results in:* Outcome: number of glove perforations per total number of operations (also in RevMan analyses) but all surgeons were single gloved. Perforation detection: The gloves were filled with water and perforations were noted as jets of water. Secondary outcome: user satisfaction. Search effect*[tw] OR control[tw] OR controls*[tw] OR controla*[tw] OR controle*[tw] OR controli*[tw] OR controll*[tw] OR control'*[tw] OR evaluation*[tw] OR program*[tw]

MH "Health Occupations") OR health occupations or (MH "Health Personnel+") or (MH "Health Facilities+") OR health facilities or TX "health care worker" or TX "health care workers" or (MH "Personnel, Health Facility+") or (MH "Occupational Health Services+") or (MH "Occupational Hazards+") or (MH "Occupational Exposure") or TX "health care personnel" or (MH "Health Personnel+") or (MH "HIV Infections+") TS=("health care worker" OR "health care workers" OR "health occupations" OR "health personnel" OR physician* OR nurse* OR hospital* OR clinic OR clinics) Health Occupations"[mh] OR "Health Personnel"[mh] OR "Health Facilities"[mh] OR "health care worker"[tw] OR "health care workers"[tw] OR "Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient‐to‐Professional"[mh] random* OR control* OR trial OR trials OR comparativ* OR evaluation* OR "latin square" OR placebo OR "follow up" OR prospectiv* OR "cross over" OR volunteer*} Blunt fill needles are used to draw medications out of a sealed container. Blunt filter needles have an extra filter, which filters out solid particles from the liquid.