So-called ninjutsu techniques, in short are the skills of shinobi-no-jutsu and shinobijutsu, which have the aims of ensuring that one's opponent does not know of one's existence, and for which there was special training. [17] Teeuwen, Mark; Rambelli, Fabio (2002), Buddhas and kami in Japan: honji suijaku as a combinatory paradigm, RoutledgeCurzon, ISBN 978-0-415-29747-9 Yamada, Yūji (2019), Sengoku Shinobi no Sahō, edited by Yōko Ymda, Chiyoda,Tokyo: G.B., ISBN 978-4-906993-76-5 The Iga Version has twenty-two chapters bound in twelve volumes with an additional four chapters in four volumes attached to it. [6] There was a retainer of the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga, of pre-eminent skill in shinobi, and consequently for generations the name of people from Iga became established. Another tradition grew in Kōga. [30]

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Modern schools that claim to train ninjutsu arose from the 1970s, including that of Masaaki Hatsumi ( Bujinkan), Stephen K. Hayes ( To-Shin Do), and Jinichi Kawakami (Banke Shinobinoden). The lineage and authenticity of these schools are a matter of controversy. The first specialized training began in the mid-15th century, when certain samurai families started to focus on covert warfare, including espionage and assassination. [82] Like the samurai, ninja were born into the profession, where traditions were kept in, and passed down through the family. [27] [83] According to Turnbull, the ninja was trained from childhood, as was also common in samurai families. Mie University founded the world's first research centre devoted to the ninja in 2017. A graduate master course opened in 2018. It is located in Iga (now Mie Prefecture). There are approximately 3 student enrollments per year. Students must pass an admission test about Japanese history and be able to read historical ninja documents. [60] Scientific researchers and scholars of different disciplines study ancient documents and how it can be used in the modern world. [61] This morning, the sixth day of the 11th month of Tenbun 10 [1541], the Iga- shu entered Kasagi castle in secret and set fire to a few of the priests' quarters. They also set fire to outbuildings in various places inside the San-no-maru. They captured the ichi-no-maru (inner bailey) and the ni-no-maru (second bailey). [66]Kunoichi (くノ一) is, originally, an argot which means "woman"; [11] :p168 it supposedly comes from the characters くノ一 (respectively hiragana ku, katakana no and kanji ichi), which make up the three strokes that form the kanji for "woman" (女). [11] :p168 In fiction written in the modern era kunoichi means "female ninja". [11] :p167 It was compiled by Fujibayashi Yasutake in 1676, in the early years of the Tokugawa shogunate, to preserve the knowledge that had been developed during the near-constant military conflict from the Ōnin War until the end of the Siege of Osaka almost 150 years later. As well as information on military strategy and weapons, it has sections on the astrological and philosophical beliefs of the times, [4] and along with the Shōninki of 1681 and the Ninpiden of 1560 make up the three major sources [5] of direct information about this shadowy profession. Superhuman or supernatural powers were often associated with the ninja with a style of Japanese martial arts in ninjutsu. Some legends include flight, invisibility, shapeshifting, teleportation, the ability to "split" into multiple bodies ( bunshin), the summoning of animals ( kuchiyose), and control over the five classical elements. These fabulous notions have stemmed from popular imagination regarding the ninja's mysterious status, as well as romantic ideas found in later Japanese art of the Edo period. Magical powers were rooted in the ninja's own misinformation efforts to disseminate fanciful information. For example, Nakagawa Shoshunjin, the 17th-century founder of Nakagawa-ryū, claimed in his own writings ( Okufuji Monogatari) that he had the ability to transform into birds and animals. [88] Satake, Akihiro; Yasumada, Hideo; Kudō, Rikio; Ōtani, Masao; Yamazaki, Yoshiyuki (2003), Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4, Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-240004-2 a b "嬉野忍者調査結果 弁慶夢想 （べんけいむそう） 【武術家・山伏 / 江戸時代初期】". Archived from the original on 14 February 2019 . Retrieved 20 August 2018.

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Nawa, Yumio. (1972). Hisshō no heihō ninjutsu no kenkyū: gendai o ikinuku michi. Tokyo: Nichibō Shuppansha. OCLC 122985441.Takino Jurobei (16th century): The commander of some of the final resistance against Oda Nobunaga in his invasion of Iga. Momochi Sandayu, Fujibayashi Nagato no Kami, and Hattori Hanzō served as his officers. A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638). [39] The Kōga ninja were recruited by shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu against Christian rebels led by Amakusa Shirō, who made a final stand at Hara Castle, in Hizen Province. A diary kept by a member of the Matsudaira clan, the Amakusa Gunki, relates: "Men from Kōga in Ōmi Province who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased." [40] A mountain ascetic ( yamabushi) attire facilitated travel, as they were common and could travel freely between political boundaries. The loose robes of Buddhist priests also allowed concealed weapons, such as the tantō. [92] Minstrel or sarugaku outfits could have allowed the ninja to spy in enemy buildings without rousing suspicion. Disguises as a komusō, a mendicant monk known for playing the shakuhachi, were also effective, as the large "basket" hats traditionally worn by them concealed the head completely. [93] Equipment

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Fūma Kotarō (d. 1603): a ninja rumored to have killed Hattori Hanzō, with whom he was supposedly rivals. The fictional weapon Fūma shuriken is named after him. Stephen Turnbull (19 February 2003). Ninja Ad 1460–1650. Osprey Publishing. p.5. ISBN 978-1-84176-525-9. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2011. a b c d e f g Owen Jarus (14 February 2022). "430-year-old ninja weapons possibly identified". Live Science. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. The ninja's adaption of kites in espionage and warfare is another subject of legends. Accounts exist of ninja being lifted into the air by kites, where they flew over hostile terrain and descended into, or dropped bombs on enemy territory. [96] Kites were indeed used in Japanese warfare, but mostly for the purpose of sending messages and relaying signals. [127] Turnbull suggests that kites lifting a man into midair might have been technically feasible, but states that the use of kites to form a human " hang glider" falls squarely in the realm of fantasy. [128] Kuji-kiriAlong with common weapons, a large assortment of miscellaneous arms were associated with the ninja. Some examples include poison, [94] makibishi ( caltrops), [123] shikomizue ( cane swords), [124] land mines, [125] fukiya ( blowguns), poisoned darts, acid-spurting tubes, and firearms. [105] The happō, a small eggshell filled with metsubushi (blinding powder), was also used to facilitate escape. [126] Legendary abilities a b c d Turnbull 2003, p.17; Turnbull uses the name Buke Meimokushō, an alternate reading for the same title. The Buke Myōmokushō cited here is a much more common reading.