CO 2, a greenhouse gas, contributing to human-caused climate change. [7] [8] Oil products, including gasoline, were responsible for about 32% of CO 2 emissions worldwide in 2021. [9] Due to the additional number of reactors, traditional methanol to gasoline processes include inefficiencies such as the additional cost and energy loss of condensing and evaporating the methanol prior to feeding it to the durene reduction unit. [11] These inefficiencies can lead to a greater capital cost and environmental footprint than methanol to gasoline processes that use fewer reactors, such as STG+. The STG+ process eliminates multiple condensation and evaporation, and the process converts syngas to liquid transportation fuels directly without producing intermediate liquids. [7] This eliminates the need for storage of two products, including pressure storage for liquefied petroleum gas and storage of liquid methanol.

British refiners originally used "motor spirit" as a generic name for the automotive fuel and "aviation spirit" for aviation gasoline. When Carless was denied a trademark on "petrol" in the 1930s, its competitors switched to the more popular name "petrol". However, "motor spirit" had already made its way into laws and regulations, so the term remains in use as a formal name for petrol. [22] [23] The term is used most widely in Nigeria, where the largest petroleum companies call their product "premium motor spirit". [24] Although "petrol" has made inroads into Nigerian English, "premium motor spirit" remains the formal name that is used in scientific publications, government reports, and newspapers. [25] Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas, other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, and organic solvents. The various refinery streams blended to make gasoline have different characteristics. Some important streams include the following:The specific gravity of gasoline ranges from 0.71 to 0.77, [77] with higher densities having a greater volume fraction of aromatics. [78] Finished marketable gasoline is traded (in Europe) with a standard reference of 0.755 kilograms per liter (6.30lb/U.S.gal), and its price is escalated or de-escalated according to its actual density. [ clarification needed] Because of its low density, gasoline floats on water, and therefore water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire unless applied in a fine mist. As South Africa's largest city, Johannesburg, is located on the Highveld at 1,753 meters (5,751ft) above sea level, the Automobile Association of South Africa recommends 95-octane gasoline at low altitude and 93-octane for use in Johannesburg because "The higher the altitude the lower the air pressure, and the lower the need for a high octane fuel as there is no real performance gain". [86] Local retail dynamics play a large part. Local prices are very often driven by the presence of supermarkets keen to compete on price or an independent forecourt retailer that is determined to offer the cheapest fuel. If local supermarkets selling fuel don’t compete strongly on price this can lead to motorists paying more. Why are rural prices often higher? Gasoline leaks happen at gas stations every day. As people fill up their gas tanks, gasoline drips from the nozzle onto the ground and vapors leak from open gas tanks into the air. Gasoline leaks can also happen in pipelines or in underground storage tanks, where they can't be seen. Beginning in 1990, all underground storage tanks had to be replaced by tanks with double lining. The double lining provides an additional safeguard for preventing leaks. 6

The use of gasoline in internal combustion engines participates in the production of harmful emissions responsible for atmospheric pollution, health hazards, and greenhouse emissions responsible for climate change [ 1, 2]. With dual combustion using hydrocarbon fuels, the exhaust gases still produce pollutants, some of which have been widely investigated and others still need to be investigated properly. The growing need for transportation energy and depleting reserves of petroleum are of great concern [ 3] for fuel-driven activities and fuel-driven sectors as well. Fortunately, hydrogen gas can be used in traditional ICE’s provided certain modifications are made, such as the use of; (i) hardened valves and valve seats, (ii) stronger connecting rods, (iii) higher voltage ignition coils, (iv) injectors designed for gases, (v) stronger head gasket materials, and (vi) modified intake manifolds [ 3– 5]. Stoichiometric combustion of hydrogen using thermochemical equations indicates that hydrogen is not very suitable for compression ignition (CI) engines because of its high self-ignition property but can be used directly in gasoline engines. With the war in Europe a reality in 1939, all predictions of 100-octane consumption were outrunning all possible production. Neither the Army nor the Navy could contract more than six months in advance for fuel and they could not supply the funds for plant expansion. Without a long-term guaranteed market, the petroleum industry would not risk its capital to expand production for a product that only the government would buy. The solution to the expansion of storage, transportation, finances, and production was the creation of the Defense Supplies Corporation on 19 September 1940. The Defense Supplies Corporation would buy, transport and store all aviation gasoline for the Army and Navy at cost plus a carrying fee. [66] The Chancellor Jeremy Hunt has today (Wednesday 22 November) announced a range of tax, benefits and savings measures. We round up the key announcements and what they mean for you. Stoichiometric (theoretical) combustions of gasoline and hydrogen in air were summarized by the respective following reactions (reasonable approximations): The Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) requires gasoline for automobile use to have 27.5 percent of ethanol added to its composition. [104] Pure hydrated ethanol is also available as a fuel.When fuel prices increase, businesses benefit from a fixed price for that week, reducing costs and risk Combustion of gasoline only at 3000 rpm took 9 min on average from 70°C to 112°C. Combustion of gasoline + HHO-rich air at 4000 rpm took 4 min, 6 min at 3000 rpm, 7 min at 2000 rpm, and 15 min at 1000 rpm. This implies pure gasoline takes a longer time from 70°C to 112°C compared to a blend of gasoline and HHO-rich air for the same engine speed. For gasoline and HHO-rich air blends at different engine speeds, it was found that the time taken from 70°C to 112°C is inversely proportional to speed. This is in response to Hosseini and Butler [ 21], who mentioned that HHO increases the thermal efficiency of the engine as well as reduces its specific fuel consumption. 3.4. Results of Fuel Consumption for Different Blends with the Combustion of 25 Cl of Gasoline at 2000 rpm a b Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) Production of Clean Gasoline from Coal ExxonMobil, December 2009. Retrieved: 30 April 2013. This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows: [1] The presence of these degradation products in the fuel tank or fuel lines plus a carburetor or fuel injection components makes it harder to start the engine or causes reduced engine performance. On resumption of regular engine use, the buildup may or may not be eventually cleaned out by the flow of fresh gasoline. The addition of a fuel stabilizer to gasoline can extend the life of fuel that is not or cannot be stored properly, though removal of all fuel from a fuel system is the only real solution to the problem of long-term storage of an engine or a machine or vehicle. Typical fuel stabilizers are proprietary mixtures containing mineral spirits, isopropyl alcohol, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene or other additives. Fuel stabilizers are commonly used for small engines, such as lawnmower and tractor engines, especially when their use is sporadic or seasonal (little to no use for one or more seasons of the year). Users have been advised to keep gasoline containers more than half full and properly capped to reduce air exposure, to avoid storage at high temperatures, to run an engine for ten minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge stale fuel from the carburetor. [73]

The American English word gasoline denotes fuel for automobiles, which common usage shortened to the terms gas, motor gas, and mogas, and thus differentiated that fuel from avgas (aviation gasoline), which is fuel for aeroplanes. The term gasoline originated from the trademark terms Cazeline and Gazeline, which were stylized spellings and pronunciations of Cassell, the surname of British businessman John Cassell, who, on 27 November 1862, placed the following fuel-oil advertisement in The Times of London:

Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts (Report). The National Academies Press. 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2013.

The STG+ process uses standard catalysts similar to those used in other gas to liquids technologies, specifically in methanol to gasoline processes. Methanol to gasoline processes favor molecular size- and shape-selective zeolite catalysts, [2] and the STG+ process also utilizes commercially available shape-selective catalysts, such as ZSM-5. [3] Process efficiency [ edit ] This degradation can be prevented through the addition of 5–100 ppm of antioxidants, such as phenylenediamines and other amines. [73] Hydrocarbons with a bromine number of 10 or above can be protected with the combination of unhindered or partially hindered phenols and oil-soluble strong amine bases, such as hindered phenols. "Stale" gasoline can be detected by a colorimetric enzymatic test for organic peroxides produced by oxidation of the gasoline. [102]

Fuels Are Classified on Their Octane Ratings

Generally, the Fischer–Tropsch process favors unselective cobalt and iron catalysts, while methanol to gasoline technologies favor molecular size- and shape-selective zeolites. [8] In terms of product types, Fischer–Tropsch production has been limited to linear paraffins, [8] such as synthetic crude oil, whereas methanol to gasoline processes can produce aromatics, such as xylene and toluene, and naphthenes and iso-paraffins, such as drop-in gasoline and jet fuel. In recent years, car manufacturers have been requiring or recommending premium gasoline (a high-octane grade of fuel) for use in more of their vehicle models. The difference in prices between premium and lower octane grades has also increased. Autumn Statement: State pension confirmed to rise by 8.5% from April 2024 – while some benefits will go up by 6.7% Repeat the procedure in section 2.2.1 while setting the engine speed (1000, 2000, or 4000 rpm). Set the electrolyser to supply H 2 and record data at the specified engine temperatures. Hydrogen was supplied through a flexible pipe of length 0.5 m and diameter 0.005 m. The pressure at the outlet of the pipe was 1.8 bars and the temperature was slightly above room temperature. 2.2.3. Procedure for the Testing of Engine’s Temperature Variation