The selected papers explore several different modalities and features, but only two are directly related to emotions. One is a paper from 2020 that delves specifically into emotion transformation [ 60] combined with visual features (a bimodal approach, see section 3.4 in S6 File). An SVM classifier trained from visual cues (eye gazing, facial expressions, and hand motions) reached 0.8759 accuracy. Emotions are inferred from visual features. Visual cues were evaluated in space and time to detect both emotion transitions and deception. Vocal studies based on cognitive load use no more than silence gaps as predictor. Visual studies rely on special glasses to acquire images from the eyes to measure displacements of pupils.

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From the qualitative perspective, we interpreted the statistical findings according to some theoretical frameworks on deception detection [ 2, 4, 5]. We discuss how the authors’ approaches align to those frameworks, where they agree and don’t, and what is still to be done. All those comments can be found in the “Discussion” section. Among the studies that use Linear SVM, 18 [ 39, 43, 44, 54, 56, 60, 62, 66, 67, 72, 74, 76, 85, 88, 91, 98, 99, 116] measured their performance by accuracy, ranging from 0.5516 to 1.0, with mean at 0.7752 ± 0.1121. Three studies [ 68, 79, 95] measured their performance by F1-score, which a range from 0.6012 to 0.7800 and mean at 0.7061 ± 0.0709. One study [ 52] reported the Area Under the Curve as 0.9034, and another [ 125] precision as 0.6680 and recall as 0.6590. A public inquiry into undercover policing has been running since 2015, but progress has been severely hampered by police requests for secrecy. The hearings restarted this week, however the sessions relating to the women’s experiences are not expected to begin until next year. Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 6 Episode 7 Episode 8 Episode 9 Episode 10 2007: Deep Dark Deception Another discrepancy between what the high accuracy detectors said and what the results show is that non-verbal cues are their preference. The detection accuracy levels reported by Monomodal visual studies are not the best, except for some outliers. Monomodal vocal studies present higher accuracy than visual ones. Thus, under a different form, the results still seem to defy the theoretical framework. Reasons for that are yet to be understood.

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October 2023 10:00 ~ 2 vacancies: Specialist Refuges Support Worker 1 f/t & 1 p/t – the nia project – London Data gathered from the reviewed documents allows us to safely claim that there has been an increasing interest on deception detection with Machine Learning in the chosen period. In addition, statistical analysis discloses that the approach complexity also increased (see section 3.2 in S6 File) since different modalities were combined and explored to achieve higher performance levels in different scenarios and under various constraints. O’Sullivan M, Ekman P. The wizards of deception detection. The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts. 2004. p. 269–86. They exited suddenly, after announcing they were having breakdowns and needed space; they disappeared to South Africa or the US and appeared to be untraceable. The women were devastated at the abrupt end of relationships, upset for themselves, but also worried about the welfare of the defenceless, lonely men they had loved.k) Naturality was exploited by hesitation and speaking rate, but not much was reported as the contribution of this sort of cue;