Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198(4312), 75-78. DOI: 10.1126/science.198.4312.75 Heyes, C. M.; Dawson, G. R.; Nokes, T. (1992). "Imitation in rats: Initial responding and transfer evidence". The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 45 (3): 229–40. doi: 10.1080/14640749208401018 (inactive August 1, 2023). {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2023 ( link) Over-imitation is "the tendency of young children to copy all of an adult model's actions, even components that are irrelevant for the task at hand." [78] According to this human and cross-cultural phenomenon, a child has a strong tendency to automatically encode the deliberate action of an adult as causally meaningful even when the child observes evidence that proves that its performance is unnecessary. It is suggested that over-imitation "may be critical to the transmission of human culture." Experiments done by Lyons et al. (2007) has shown that when there are obvious pedagogical cues, children tend to imitate step by step, including many unnecessary steps; without pedagogical cues, children will simply skip those useless steps. [79]

Sundqvist, Annette; Nordqvist, Emelie; Koch, Felix-Sebastian; Heimann, Mikael (November 2016). "Early declarative memory predicts productive language: A longitudinal study of deferred imitation and communication at 9 and 16months". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 151: 109–119. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.015. PMID 26925719. The theologian Shailer Mathews wrote that the Imitation presents an accurate description of the Christ of the Gospels, and gives an unbiased reading of the words of Jesus. [68] He also wrote "For centuries men have found in it inspiration to sacrifice and humility, and to severest self-examination...He who has never come under its influence has missed something that would have made him more humble and more ambitious for purity of life." [68] a b c d e f g Zentall, Thomas R. (2003). "Imitation by animals: How do they do it?". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 12 (3): 91–5. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.01237. JSTOR 20182847. S2CID 145596513. José Rizal, the Philippine polymath and national hero, reportedly read the book whilst incarcerated within Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila, shortly before the Spanish colonial government executed him by firing squad for sedition on 30 December 1896. [62] However, research also suggests that imitative behaviors and other social learning processes are only selected for when outnumbered or accompanied by asocial learning processes: an over-saturation of imitation and imitating individuals leads humans to collectively copy inefficient strategies and evolutionarily maladaptive behaviors, thereby reducing flexibility to new environmental contexts that require adaptation. [10] Research suggests imitative social learning hinders the acquisition of knowledge in novel environments and in situations where asocial learning is faster and more advantageous. [11] [12]Foundation: Imitation: California infant/toddler learning & development foundations". California Department of Education. 2012 . Retrieved November 10, 2012. Jesus says that the sooner one resigns wholeheartedly to God, and no longer seeks anything according to one's own will or pleasure, but totally places all in God's hands, the sooner will one be united with God and be at peace. [57] Jesus continues, "Nothing will make you happier or please you as much as being obedient to the divine will" (Chap. 15). [57] Jesus also delivers his "changeless teaching" — "Unless you renounce all that you have, you cannot be my disciple" (Chap. 8). [58] Lyons, Derek E.; Young, Andrew G.; Keil, Frank C. (December 11, 2007). "The hidden structure of overimitation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (50): 19751–19756. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10419751L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0704452104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2148370. PMID 18056814. At around 30–36 months, toddlers will start to imitate their parents by pretending to get ready for work and school and saying the last word(s) of what an adult just said. For example, toddlers may say "bowl" or "a bowl" after they hear someone say, "That's a bowl." They may also imitate the way family members communicate by using the same gestures and words. For example, a toddler will say, "Mommy bye-bye" after the father says, "Mommy went bye-bye." [59] Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (2014). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History.: Volume 6. Western Europe (1500–1600). BRILL. p.167. ISBN 978-90-04-28111-0.

Paralleling these studies, comparative psychologists provided tools or apparatuses that could be handled in different ways. Heyes [33] [34] and co-workers reported evidence for imitation in rats that pushed a lever in the same direction as their models, though later on they withdrew their claims due to methodological problems in their original setup. [35] By trying to design a testing paradigm that is less arbitrary than pushing a lever to the left or to the right, Custance and co-workers [36] introduced the "artificial fruit" paradigm, where a small object could be opened in different ways to retrieve food placed inside—not unlike a hard-shelled fruit. Using this paradigm, scientists reported evidence for imitation in monkeys [37] [38] and apes. [39] [40] [41] There remains a problem with such tool (or apparatus) use studies: what animals might learn in such studies need not be the actual behavior patterns (i.e., the actions) that were observed. Instead they might learn about some effects in the environment (i.e., how the tool moves, or how the apparatus works). [42] This type of observational learning, which focuses on results, not actions, has been dubbed emulation (see Emulation (observational learning)). There is considerable evidence to support true imitation in animals. [46] Experiments performed on apes, birds and more specifically the Japanese quail have provided positive results to imitating behavior, demonstrating imitation of opaque behavior. [46] However the problem that lies is in the discrepancies between what is considered true imitation in behavior. [46] Birds have demonstrated visual imitation, where the animal simply does as it sees. [46] Studies on apes however have proven more advanced results in imitation, being able to remember and learn from what they imitate. [46] Studies have demonstrated far more positive results with behavioral imitation in primates and birds than any other type of animal. [46] Imitation in non- primate mammals and other animals have been proven difficult to conclude solid positive results for and poses a difficult question to scientists on why that is so. [46] Theories [ edit ]Book Four of the Imitation, "On the Blessed Sacrament", is also in the form of a dialogue between Jesus and the disciple. [34] Kempis writes that in this Sacrament spiritual grace is conferred, the soul's strength is replenished, and the recipient's mind is fortified and strength is given to the body debilitated by sin (Chap. 1). [56] Scientists debate whether animals can consciously imitate the unconscious incitement from sentinel animals, whether imitation is uniquely human, or whether humans do a complex version of what other animals do. [25] [26] The current controversy is partly definitional. Thorndike uses "learning to do an act from seeing it done." [27] It has two major shortcomings: first, by using "seeing" it restricts imitation to the visual domain and excludes, e.g., vocal imitation and, second, it would also include mechanisms such as priming, contagious behavior and social facilitation, [28] which most scientist distinguish as separate forms of observational learning. Thorpe suggested defining imitation as "the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act or utterance, or some act for which there is clearly no instinctive tendency." [29] This definition is favored by many scholars, though questions have been raised how strictly the term "novel" has to be interpreted and how exactly a performed act has to match the demonstration to count as a copy. I night actually look funny while mentioning all these names but I am a kpop hardcore multifan as well and this drama is like an eye candy for me, particularly because of my love for ATEEZ (cries under the blanket). Zimmer, Carl (December 13, 2005). "Children Learn by Monkey See, Monkey Do. Chimps Don't". The New York Times. Zentall, Thomas R. (2006). "Imitation: Definitions, evidence, and mechanisms". Animal Cognition. 9 (4): 335–53. doi: 10.1007/s10071-006-0039-2. PMID 17024510. S2CID 16183221.

Boesch, Christophe; Tomasello, Michael (December 1998). "Chimpanzee and Human Cultures" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 39 (5): 591–614. doi: 10.1086/204785. S2CID 55562574. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2019. Whiten, Andrew; Horner, Victoria; Litchfield, Carla A.; Marshall-Pescini, Sarah (2004). "How do apes ape?". Animal Learning & Behavior. 32 (1): 36–52. doi: 10.3758/BF03196005. PMID 15161139. Whiten, Andrew; Custance, Deborah M.; Gomez, Juan-Carlos; Teixidor, Patricia; Bard, Kim A. (1996). "Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 110 (1): 3–14. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.110.1.3. PMID 8851548.Toyokawa, Wataru; Saito, Yoshimatsu; Kameda, Tatsuya (May 1, 2017). "Individual differences in learning behaviours in humans: Asocial exploration tendency does not predict reliance on social learning". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 325–333. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.11.001. ISSN 1090-5138.