Winter-burning

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Cheng, Y., Engling, G., He, K.-B., Duan, F.-K., Ma, Y.-L., Du, Z.-Y., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, M., and Weber, R. J.: Biomass burning contribution to Beijing aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7765–7781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7765-2013, 2013. It is possible that the much higher totals estimated from CYBA studies may be due to the use of very high residue burning ratios

The red grouse is native to Britain, and driven shooting has never taken hold to the same intensity in other countries as it has here, particularly in recent decades. Las plantaciones jóvenes son particularmente vulnerables a los incendios. Los efectos de una alta severidad del fuego en plantaciones jóvenes se convierten en pérdidas de las inversiones previas en la reforestación y también en pérdidas de ganancias futuras en los servicios ecosistémicos. Condujimos quemas prescriptas en tres plantaciones de coníferas mixtas de aproximadamente 33 años de edad que había sido previamente raleadas y trituradas. La quema se realizó durante febrero para demostrar la efectividad de las quemas de invierno, lo cual no es común en las Sierras Nevadas de California, EEUU. Resultados There are estimated to be 30,000-50,000 people living on boats across the UK. About 15,000 are itinerant, moving from mooring to mooring. According to the annual survey of boaters by the Canal and River Trust, almost a quarter are disabled and 70% are pensioners. Fire is now a near-constant. This year’s extremes have severely taxed firefighters, pushed to the brink of exhaustion battling flames in areas that had to be protected while other, more remote, fires were left to burn, spewing out carbon. Keeley, J.E., and H.D. Safford. 2016. Fire as an ecosystem process. In Ecosystems of California, ed. H. Mooney and E. Zavaleta, 27–45. Oakland: University of California Press.Fuller said: “My inbox is already full of people who are breathing wood smoke from their neighbours. These are typically people who care for someone else and are worried about the smoke filling the bedroom of their asthmatic child or elderly relative.” Both countryside groups and environmental organisations yesterday said exceptions to the ban meant burning was likely to continue in certain areas for some time to come.

Thompson, J.R., T.A. Spies, and K.A. Olsen. 2011. Canopy damage to conifer plantations within a large mixed-severity wildfire varies with stand age. Forest Ecology and Management 262 (3): 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.001. Brown, EG, J Laird, and K Pimlott. 2018. California’s forest and rangelands: 2017 assessment. Ogten: http://frap.fire.ca.gov/assessment2017. Grouse shooting became an increasingly popular sport for well-heeled Victorians as the expansion of the railway made it easier to get out into the countryside.

Introduction

The other advantage is that a longer burn time means that you may need to burn fewer of them to keep your stove going throughout the day.

Some of these energy-saving tips may seem obvious but they can make a big difference when it comes to reducing your fuel bill. The government is to ban heather burning on blanket bog to protect peatlands, in a move that could impact some grouse shooting estates.Set your heating to come on just before you get up and switch off after you've gone to bed. If it's very cold, set your heating to come on earlier and turn off later rather than turning the thermostat up. Historically, most prescribed burning in the WUS has occurred during spring or autumn, when weather and vegetation conditions are more likely to result in fire behavior that meets objectives but can still be controlled. These conditions collectively make up the “burn prescription” —or specified ranges of weather and live and dead vegetation moisture parameters that ensure fires burn completely enough to achieve objectives (e.g., consuming large fuels and woody debris) but that they don’t burn so hot as to present control problems or to have undesired ecological consequences (e.g., increased tree mortality). Periods of time where these prescribed conditions are likely to be met are called “burn windows.” PCVS was the response variable where the most nuance in the predictor variables could be seen, albeit only when using the best-fit procedure. This suggested a positive relationship between PCVS and both P. ponderosa basal area and pre-fire shrub cover and a negative relationship with height to crown base. Particularly high levels of PCVS (>50%) tended to occur in plots with more than 5 m 2 ha −1 of P. ponderosa basal area (Fig. 1C) or when there was less than 5 m of average height to crown base (Fig. 1D). Moderate levels of PCVS (>25%) occurred when shrub cover was greater than 30% (Fig. 1E). As with the other variables, the conservative model tended to support that PCVS was significant in magnitude (compared to zero change), but that there were no particularly strong predictors among those that we considered. Weather windows for winter burning over the past 20 years This handout satellite image from 16 August shows fires burning in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Photograph: European Space Agency/AFP/Getty Images