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The total native aerobic bacterial count was determined by the National Food Safety Standards of China (GB 4789.2-2016), with slight modifications. A total of 5 jujubes were separately cut into slices, diluted with desterilized normal saline (0.9 % NaCl) at a ratio of 1:10, and tapped for 2 min to prepare the original TAB solution. About 100 μl of above solution was spread on the plate count agar (PCA) medium, cultured at 37 ± 1°C for 48 h. The plates with the number of colonies between 30 and 300 CFU were recorded. Each value was obtained two times by technical replications, and the result was averaged by three values. The results were expressed as log 10 CFU g –1. Antioxidant Activity Determination This work is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A030313305), Natural Science Foundation of China (81804052), Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Project (JSGG20191129102216637 and ZDSYS201606081515458), Traditional Chinese Medicine Bureau of Guangdong Province (20201320) to JC. Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (ZDSYS201707281432317; JCYJ20170413173747440; JCYJ20180306174903174), China Post-doctoral Science Foundation (2019M653087), Zhongshan Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology (ZSST20SC03); Guangzhou Science and Technology Committee Research Grant (GZSTI16SC02; GZSTI17SC02); Hong Kong RGC Theme-based Research Scheme (T13-605/18-W); Hong Kong Innovation Technology Fund (UIM/340, UIM/385, ITS/500/18FP; TCPD/17-9); TUYF19SC02, PD18SC01 and HMRF18SC06 to KT. Conflict of Interest
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has a vital role in metabolizing heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide and free iron. Biliverdin is immediately conversed to bilirubin, as catalyzed by biliverdin reductase containing two isozymes, i.e., biliverdin reductase A and B. Free iron is released to blood circulation by ferroportin and further carried to bone marrow ( Kovtunovych et al., 2010). Therefore, HO-1, biliverdin reductase and ferropotin are considered as the main target enzymes in determining the iron recycling in macrophages. Jujube extract at different concentration (0–3.0mg/ml) was applied onto cultured macrophages for 24h. The applied jujube extract stimulated the mRNA expressions of HO-1, biliverdin reductase A and B, and ferropotin in dose-dependent manners, giving the highest response by ∼2.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 folds, respectively ( Chen J. et al., 2016). In good agreement with this finding, Yang et al. (2016) reported that the intake of jujube extract showed an improvement in iron deficiency anemia rats. In parallel, the extract of jujube significantly increased serum iron, iron saturation, total iron binding capacity in anemia rats, indicating the supply of circulation iron for erythropoiesis. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, was found to regulate HO-1 expression ( Motohashi and Yamamoto, 2004). Nrf2 directly binds to anti-oxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of HO-1 gene resulting in the transcription. In pARE-Luc-expressed cells treated with jujube water extract, the luciferase assay was activated in a dose-dependent manner ( Chen J. et al., 2016). The activation by two folds was confirmed under application of jujube extract at 3.0mg/ml ( Chen J. et al., 2016). This result suggests the involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in jujube-treated cells. In support of this notion, Almeer et al. (2018) revealed the effects of jujube extract on gene expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in colitis rats, as induced by treating intrarectally with acetic acid. Compared with model group, the pre-treatment with jujube extract at different doses (100, 200, and 400mg/kg/day) in colon of rats for 5days by oral gavage significantly induced mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1, giving the highest response by seven and two folds, respectively ( Almeer et al., 2018). These studies however need further confirmation as no observation has been found in a physiology model of iron recycling. For instance, a cellular model of erythrophagocytosis using artificially-aged RBCs and macrophages may be designed to investigate mRNA and protein expressions of target enzymes relating to iron recycling. Jujube on Immune Functions In folk medicine, three pieces of jujube are recommended to be consumed daily, about 15g of dried weight in total. The content of benefit ingredients within jujube could be changed robustly between fresh jujubes and dried ones ( Guo et al., 2015; USDA, 2012; Chen et al., 2013). The dietary nutrient facts of main ingredients in fresh and dried jujubes are summarized in Supplementary Table S1, which provides an appropriate recommendation for selection of different forms of jujube for certain health benefits. In addition, it has been reported that the content of bio-active ingredients, including nucleotide, flavonoid and polysaccharide, varied among different jujube cultivars ( Chen et al., 2013), as indicated in Supplementary Table S2. Jujubes from Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Xinjiang, Shandong, Ningxia provinces of China had higher chemical amounts, which might contribute better biological functions and could be a good choice of selection. Author Contributions Jujube fruit extract may also help to relieve constipation. A small study found that those who took liquid jujube extract had improved constipation symptoms compared to those who took a placebo.The binomial name has a curious nomenclatural history, due to a combination of botanical naming regulations, and variations in spelling. It was first named in the binomial system by Carl Linnaeus as Rhamnus zizyphus, in Species Plantarum (1753). Philip Miller, in his Gardener's Dictionary, considered that the jujube and its relatives were sufficiently distinct from Rhamnus to be placed in a separate genus (as it had already been by the pre-Linnaean author Tournefort in 1700), and in the 1768 edition he gave it the name Ziziphus jujuba (using Tournefort's spelling for the genus name). For the species name, he used a different name, as tautonyms (repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical naming. However, because of Miller's slightly different spelling, the combination of the earlier species name (from Linnaeus) with the new genus, Ziziphus zizyphus, is not a tautonym, and was therefore permitted as a botanical name. This combination was made by Hermann Karsten in 1882. [5] [10] In 2006, a proposal was made to suppress the name Ziziphus zizyphus in favor of Ziziphus jujuba, [11] and this proposal was accepted in 2011. [12] Ziziphus jujuba is thus the correct scientific name for this species. As investigated in Figure 2, CAP treatment can effectively reduce the weight loss of jujube, but this has no concern with moisture content changes. The reason might be due to there were higher content bound water than free water in jujube, and the bound water combined with cell wall polysaccharides and macromolecules was hard to dislodge ( 41, 42). Besides, the high relative humidity can restrain the water diffusion from peel to air under a stable pressure difference, which already verified by ( 43– 45). Laboratory of Plasma Application Technology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China For starters, jujube may be hard to find at your average grocery store or even specialty food store. The H 2O 2 content was carried out based on titanium sulfate colorimetric method, with slight modifications ( 38). First, 0.1 g of freeze-dried jujube powder was decolored using 2 ml pre-cooled acetone, accompanied by grinding for 1 min. The mixture (∼2 ml) was collected, the residual jujube powder in mortar was washed by another 3 ml acetone, and 5 ml of jujube-acetone mixture was obtained. After centrifugation at 5,600 × g for 15 min, 1 ml of supernatant was added to a 2-ml tube, and 100 μl of 5 % titanous sulfate regnant and 200 μl of ammonium hydroxide were successively added. After reaction for 5 min and centrifuged at 5,600 × g for 10 min, the precipitate was preserved and used for next procedure. Finally, the precipitate was washed by acetone for two times and 1.5 ml of 2 M vitriol solution was added. The absorbance value of 150 μl reaction solution was obtained at 415 nm. The standard curve was built using different concentrations of H 2O 2 solution by the same processing. The results were expressed as mmol kg –1 dry weight (mmol kg –1 DW).
May boost immunity. Jujube fruit may be able to boost your immune system, as it’s rich in vitamin C.
In addition to formulated decoction, jujube is also commonly supplemented with other foods to achieve health benefits. Jeong and Kim (2019) investigated the effect of jujube and chokeberry diet in high-fat and high-fructose diet-induced dyslipidemia in animal studies. Jujube (0.5%) and chokeberry powder (0.5%) were mixed to animal diet. After 10weeks of dietary treatment, jujube and chokeberry significantly ameliorated high-fat and high-fructose diet-induced dyslipidemia and improved insulin resistance ( Jeong and Kim, 2019). In support of this finding, the consumption of mixed jujube, almond and rice in healthy human showed a significantly lower glucose level, as compared to those with rice as reference ( Zhu et al., 2018). Future Opportunities One of the traditional medicinal uses of jujube is as a laxative. While there’s been little research on its laxative effect on people, you may want to be careful with the amount of jujube fruit that you eat. Jujube or sweet red dates are eaten throughout Asia - in desserts, soups and brewed as a tea. They are the fruits of the Ziziphus jujuba, and are also known as Chinese dates, Korean dates or natsume in Japanese. It is worthwhile to mention that CAP treatment not only can delay decay, reduce weight loss, but also play an important role in antioxidant system. As seen in Table 2, the jujube treated by CAP presented stronger ABTS free radical scavenging capacity and higher TPC than control during middle stage of storage. These differences in antioxidant activity of jujube treated or untreated by CAP were closely depended on the accumulation of antioxidants, which further regulated by the genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. According to Figure 4, it can be concluded that CAP treatment effectively accelerated the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in fresh jujube during postharvest storage. In other words, CAP treatment could upregulate key genes’ expression to promote larger phenolic compounds that transform into smaller ones, so that it maintain high-level TPC in jujube. As it is previously reported, CAP treatment could trigger excited stress response to abominable environment through increasing antioxidant compound content in fruits and vegetables, so that defense the oxidative damage ( 48, 49). In this study, three exposure times of CAP treatment have been used to delay the ripening and senescence of jujube during 15-day storage at 4°C and 90% RH. The results were evident that CAP treatment can reduce the postharvest quality losses and improve oxidative stress response of jujube. As shown in Figure 1, CAP treatment presented a time-dependent manner to postpone turning red and shrinking progress of jujube during 15-day storage. The result was in line with previous study which stated that cherry tomatoes pretreated by CAP activated water still displayed higher acceptable after storage for 14 days ( 40).
Accordingly, the objective of this study was to apply CAP pretreatment to delay ripening and senescence of jujube. Finally, our work will provide a theoretical support for proposing CAP as an effective storage and preservation strategy for jujube fruit. Materials and Methods Jujube Processing Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China Experts say that you may also want to avoid eating jujube fruit if you take antidepressant drugs like venlafaxine. Jujube may interact with such drugs. The hydroalcoholic extract of jujube at 200–400mg/kg was applied onto acute and chronic rat models of inflammation. The study revealed that jujube extract markedly declined granuloma tissue formation, as compared with model rat. Serum nitrite/nitrate level was notably up regulated in inflammatory rat; while pre-treatment with jujube significantly reduced the increased level of nitrite/nitrate ( Goyal et al., 2011). These findings suggest the anti-inflammatory effects of jujube. In line with this, the applied jujube extract at 100–500μg/ml inhibited nitric oxide production and splenocyte proliferation on the inflammatory activated cells ( Yu et al., 2012). The excessive induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1β and IL-6, also contributes to chronic inflammation. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages, the pre-treatment with jujube water extract repressed the expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 ( Chen et al., 2014a). Besides, the triterpene acid fraction of jujube at a dose higher than 10μg/ml was able to inhibit the production TNF-α ( Yu et al., 2012). NF-κB is one of main transcription factors that has vital role in controlling pro-inflammatory cytokine production ( Du et al., 2013). The treatment with jujube extract slightly inhibited NF-κB activity. On the other hand, the pre-treatment with jujube water extract (0–3mg/ml) for 3h in cultured macrophages, before the addition of LPS at 1μg/ml for 24h, dose-dependently repressed the activation of NF-κB activity. The reduction at 60% was observed under the pre-treatment of extract at 3mg/ml ( Chen et al., 2014a). In parallel, the anti-inflammatory property of jujube was shown in colitis-associated colon cancer mice ( Periasamy et al., 2020). In this study, mice were injected with azoxymethane followed by three cycles of dextran sulfate sodium, as to induce colitis-associated colon, before the intake of jujube extract for 70days. The results showed that dietary jujube intake could attenuate inflammation in model mice. Moreover, the extract of jujube markedly inhibited the protein expressions of IL-6, NF-κB, JAK1, and STAT3 in colon tissues, as compared with model group. This result suggests that jujube can suppress the stimulation of NF-κB/IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling ( Periasamy et al., 2020). Jujube in Blood Circulation As seen in Figure 3, the result demonstrated that 5-, 10-, and 20-min CAP treatment all have no impacts on TAB count as compared to control. This may be due to 200 μl L –1 sodium hypochlorite displayed a brilliant disinfect effect on Jujube and then, the TAB count stood in a safe range ( 35). Our result was in good agreement with the finding of Won et al., who formulated that P. italicum were reduced by microwave-powered cold plasms from 96.6 to 85.0 and 16.0% with an independent input power manner ( 46). Furthermore, low/ice temperature environment is strictly unfavorable for bacteria growth and proliferation ( 47).
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Flavinoids found in the fruits include Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, Quercetine 3-O-robinobioside, Quercetine 3-O-rutinoside. Terpenoids such as colubrinic acid and alphitolic acid were found in the fruits. [7] Taxonomy [ edit ] BioMedicine (Taipei): “Investigation the effect of jujube seed capsule on sleep quality of postmenopausal women: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.” In Arabic-speaking regions the jujube and alternatively the species Z.lotus are closely related to the lote-trees (sing. "سدرة sidrah", pl. " سدر sidr") which are mentioned in the Quran, [34] [35] while in Palestine it is rather the species Z.spina-christi that is called sidr. [23]
Gut health: One study demonstrated jujube could provide protection against inflammatory bowel disease, like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "A Greek-English Lexicon, ζίζυ
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Thomsen Ferreira explains what we know and what we have yet to learn about jujube’s benefits. Nutritional benefits Frontiers in Pharmacology: “A Review of Edible Jujube, the Ziziphus jujuba Fruit: A Heath Food Supplement for Anemia Prevalence.” Jujube fruit is also commonly found dried. These dried Chinese jujubes are known as red dates. The dried fruits can be eaten directly, but they’re also often cooked into soups and tea. Dried red dates can be used in place of raisins or palm date fruits in cakes and other desserts. where c displays the MDA content of reaction solution, μmol L –1; A 450, A 532, and A 600 represent the absorbance values of reaction solution at 450, 532, and 600 nm, respectively; V e, V r, and V d mean the total volume of sample extract, the volume of sample extract taken for chromogenic reaction, and the volume used for absorbance detection, respectively, ml; m symbols the dry weight of jujube used for extraction, g. Statistical Analysis Witch's broom, prevalent in China and Korea, is the main disease affecting jujubes, though plantings in North America currently are not affected by any pests or diseases. [15] In Europe, the last several years have seen some 80%–90% of the jujube crop eaten by insect larvae (see picture), including those of the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia (Cryptophlebia) leucotreta. [16]
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