Potts Chicken Stock in 100% Recyclable Can 500ml | Pack of 2

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Stewart JM (May 2002). "Pooling in chronic orthostatic intolerance: arterial vasoconstrictive but not venous compliance defects". Circulation. 105 (19): 2274–2281. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000016348.55378.C4. PMID 12010910. S2CID 11618433.

Moon J, Kim DY, Lee WJ, Lee HS, Lim JA, Kim TJ, etal. (July 2018). "Efficacy of Propranolol, Bisoprolol, and Pyridostigmine for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: a Randomized Clinical Trial". Neurotherapeutics. 15 (3): 785–795. doi: 10.1007/s13311-018-0612-9. PMC 6095784. PMID 29500811. In the 30% to 60% of cases classified as hyperadrenergic POTS, norepinephrine levels are elevated on standing, [1] often due to hypovolemia or partial autonomic neuropathy. [29] A smaller minority of people with POTS have (typically very high) standing norepinephrine levels that are elevated even in the absence of hypovolemia and autonomic neuropathy; this is classified as central hyperadrenergic POTS. [29] [35] The high norepinephrine levels contribute to symptoms of tachycardia. [29] Another subtype, neuropathic POTS, is associated with denervation of sympathetic nerves in the lower limbs. [29] In this subtype, it is thought that impaired constriction of the blood vessels causes blood to pool in the veins of the lower limbs. [1] Heart rate increases to compensate for this blood pooling. [49] a b Miller AJ, Doherty TA (October 2019). "Hop to It: The First Animal Model of Autoimmune Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome". Journal of the American Heart Association. 8 (19): e014084. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014084. PMC 6806054. PMID 31547756. The selective alpha-1 agonist phenylephrine has been used successfully to enhance venous return and stroke volume in some people with POTS. [92] However, this medication may be hampered by poor oral bioavailability. [93] Pharmacologic treatments for postural tachycardia syndrome Deng W, Liu Y, Liu AD, Holmberg L, Ochs T, Li X, etal. (April 2014). "Difference between supine and upright blood pressure associates to the efficacy of midodrine on postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) in children". Pediatric Cardiology. 35 (4): 719–725. doi: 10.1007/s00246-013-0843-9. PMID 24253613. S2CID 105235.

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The causes of POTS are varied. [13] POTS may develop after a viral infection, surgery, trauma, or pregnancy. [7] It has been shown to emerge in previously healthy patients after COVID-19, [14] [15] or in rare cases after COVID-19 vaccination. [16] Risk factors include a family history of the condition. [1] A POTS diagnosis in adults is characterized by an increased heart rate of 30 beats per minute within ten minutes of standing up, while accompanied by symptoms. [1] This increased heart rate should occur in the absence of orthostatic hypotension (>20mm Hg drop in systolic blood pressure) [17] to be considered POTS. A spinal fluid leak (called spontaneous intracranial hypotension) may have the same signs and symptoms as POTS and should be excluded. [18] Prolonged bedrest may lead to multiple symptoms, including blood volume loss and postural tachycardia. [19] Other conditions which can cause similar symptoms, such as dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, heart problems, adrenal insufficiency, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease, must not be present. [6] Vernino S, Bourne KM, Stiles LE, Grubb BP, Fedorowski A, Stewart JM, etal. (November 2021). "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): State of the science and clinical care from a 2019 National Institutes of Health Expert Consensus Meeting - Part 1". Autonomic Neuroscience. 235: 102828. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102828. PMC 8455420. PMID 34144933. Clinical trial number NCT00409435 for "A Study of Pyridostigmine in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome" at ClinicalTrials.gov Graf N (2018). "Clinical Symptoms and Results of Autonomic Function Testing Overlap in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome". Cephalalgia Reports. 1: 1–6. doi: 10.1177/2515816318773774. S2CID 79542947.

Elevations of autoantibodies targeting adrenergic α1 receptor has been associated with symptoms severity in patients with POTS. [59] Kavi L, Gammage MD, Grubb BP, Karabin BL (June 2012). "Postural tachycardia syndrome: multiple symptoms, but easily missed". The British Journal of General Practice. 62 (599): 286–287. doi: 10.3399/bjgp12X648963. PMC 3361090. PMID 22687203. Meta-analysis suggests oral phenylephrine may be ineffective for nasal congestion as measured by nasal airway resistance". Archived from the original on 2017-03-03 . Retrieved 2017-03-03.

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COVID-19 and POTS: What You Should Know". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2021-07-31 . Retrieved 2021-07-31. There is an increasing number of studies indicating that POTS is an autoimmune disease. [51] [5] [56] [3] [57] [58] A high number of patients has elevated levels of autoantibodies against the adrenergic alpha 1 receptor and against the muscarinic acetylcholine M4 receptor. [59] [4] [60] Novak P (2016). "Cerebral Blood Flow, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure Patterns during the Tilt Test in Common Orthostatic Syndromes". Neuroscience Journal. 2016: 6127340. doi: 10.1155/2016/6127340. PMC 4972931. PMID 27525257. a b c Carew S, Connor MO, Cooke J, Conway R, Sheehy C, Costelloe A, Lyons D (January 2009). "A review of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome". Europace. 11 (1): 18–25. doi: 10.1093/europace/eun324. PMID 19088364.