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The red panda inhabits Nepal, the states of Sikkim, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh in India, Bhutan, southern Tibet, northern Myanmar and China's Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. [1] The global potential habitat of the red panda has been estimated to comprise 47,100km 2 (18,200sqmi) at most; this habitat is located in the temperate climate zone of the Himalayas with a mean annual temperature range of 18–24°C (64–75°F). [33] Throughout this range, it has been recorded at elevations of 2,000–4,300m (6,600–14,100ft). [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] Habitat of the red panda Country The red panda inhabits coniferous forests as well as temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, favouring steep slopes with dense bamboo cover close to water sources. It is solitary and largely arboreal. It feeds mainly on bamboo shoots and leaves, but also on fruits and blossoms. Red pandas mate in early spring, with the females giving birth to litters of up to four cubs in summer. It is threatened by poaching as well as destruction and fragmentation of habitat due to deforestation. The species has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2015. It is protected in all range countries.

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Scientists Discover Evidence of Giant Panda's Population History and Local Adaptation". 16 December 2012. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012. Khatiwara, S. & Srivastava, T. (2014). "Red Panda Ailurus fulgens and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India". Small Carnivore Conservation. 50: 35–38. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020 . Retrieved 18 March 2022. Sharma, H. R.; Swenson, J. E. & Belant, J. (2014). "Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in Rara National Park, Nepal". Hystrix. 25 (1): 47–50. doi: 10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033. Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20. [100] The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into estrus, which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year. [101] When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. Copulation time ranges from 30 seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilisation. The gestation period is somewhere between 95 and 160 days - the variability is due to the fact that the fertilized egg may linger in the reproductive system for a while before implanting on the uterine wall. [101] a b c d e f g h i j k l Roberts, M. S. & Gittleman, J. L. (1984). " Ailurus fulgens" (PDF). Mammalian Species (222): 1–8. doi: 10.2307/3503840. JSTOR 3503840. S2CID 253993605. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017.Turner, R. L. (1931). "पञ्जा pañjā". A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. p.359. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022 . Retrieved 27 January 2022.

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Lewis, C. T. A. & Short, C. (1879). "fulgens". Latin Dictionary (Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewrittened.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021 . Retrieved 21 February 2021. a b c d Earth's Changing Environment. Learn & Explore. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-61535-339-2.

Furry fossils

Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, the giant panda must have at least two different species available in its range to avoid starvation. While primarily herbivorous, the giant panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the giant panda's bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements. [74] For many decades, the precise taxonomic classification of the giant panda was under debate because it shares characteristics with both bears and raccoons. [17] However in 1985, molecular studies indicate the giant panda is a true bear, part of the family Ursidae. [18] [19] These studies show it diverged about 19million years ago from the common ancestor of the Ursidae; [20] it is the most basal member of this family and equidistant from all other extant bear species. [21] [20] The giant panda has been referred to as a living fossil. [22] Etymology Panda cubs Lewis, M. (2011). "Birth and mother rearing of Nepalese red pandas Ailurus fulgens fulgens at the Taronga Conservation Society Australia". International Zoo Yearbook. 45 (1): 250–258. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00135.x. In the 1970s, gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC), as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between China and the West. This practice has been termed "panda diplomacy". [123] Lindburg, Donald G.; Baragona, Karen (2004). Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23867-2.

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a b Chakraborty, R.; Nahmo, L. T.; Dutta, P. K.; Srivastava, T.; Mazumdar, K. & Dorji, D. (2015). "Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India". Mammalia. 79 (1): 25–32. doi: 10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105. S2CID 87668179. Roka, B.; Jha, A. K. & Chhetri, D. R. (2021). "A study on plant preferences of Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species". Acta Biologica Sibirica. 7: 425–439. doi: 10.3897/abs.7.e71816. S2CID 244942192. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022 . Retrieved 29 January 2022.Search the Division of Mammals Collections". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 15 May 2022. a b c d e f Glatston, A.; Wei, F.; Than Zaw & Sherpa, A. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. " Ailurus fulgens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T714A110023718 . Retrieved 15 January 2022. Liu, S.; Li, Y.; Yue, C.; Zhang, D.; Su, X.; Yan, X.; Yang, K.; Chen, X.; Zhuo, G.; Cai, T.; Liu, J.; Peng, X. & Huo, R. (2020). "Isolation and characterization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) from Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens)". BMC Veterinary Research. 16 (1): 404. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02624-9. PMC 7590469. PMID 33109179. Wei, F.; Zhang, Z.; Thapa, A.; Zhijin, L. & Hu, Y. (2021). "Conservation initiatives in China". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.509–520. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00021-1. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243813871.

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a b Kandel, K.; Huettmann, F.; Suwal, M. K.; Regmi, G. R.; Nijman, V.; Nekaris, K. A. I.; Lama, S. T.; Thapa, A.; Sharma, H. P. & Subedi, T. R. (2015). "Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region". Biological Conservation. 181: 150–161. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007. Bista, D. (2018). "Communities in frontline in Red Panda conservation, eastern Nepal" (PDF). The Himalayan Naturalist. 1 (1): 11–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2022 . Retrieved 27 January 2022. Fei, Y.; Hou, R.; Spotila, J. R.; Paladino, F. V.; Qi, D. & Zhang, Z. (2017). "Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, Ailurus fulgens, a dietary bamboo specialist". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0173274. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1273274F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173274. PMC 5356995. PMID 28306740. Bashir, T.; Bhattacharya, T.; Poudyal, K. & Sathyakumar, S. (2019). "First camera trap record of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 11 (8): 14056–14061. doi: 10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061. a b Briggs, Helen (20 June 2006). "Hope for future of giant panda". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 February 2007.

Red in tooth and claw

Morris, Paul; Susan F. Morris. "The Panda's Thumb". Athro Limited. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020 . Retrieved 7 August 2010. The red panda is listed in CITES Appendix I and protected in all range countries; hunting is illegal. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008 because the global population is estimated at 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend. A large extent of its habitat is part of protected areas. [1] Protected areas in red panda range countries Country The forepaws possess a "false thumb", which is an extension of a wrist bone, the radial sesamoid found in many carnivorans. This thumb allows the animal to grip onto bamboo stalks and both the digits and wrist bones are highly flexible. The red panda shares this feature with the giant panda, which has a larger sesamoid that is more compressed at the sides. In addition, the red panda's sesamoid has a more sunken tip while the giant panda's curves in the middle. These features give the giant panda more developed dexterity. [32] Later and more advanced ailurids are classified in the subfamily Ailurinae and are known as the "true" red pandas. These animals were smaller and more adapted for an omnivorous or herbivorous diet. The earliest known true panda is Magerictis from the Middle Miocene of Spain and known only from one tooth, a lower second molar. The tooth shows both ancestral and new characteristics having a relatively low and simple crown but also a lengthened crushing surface with developed tooth cusps like later species. [21] Later ailurines include Pristinailurus bristoli which lived in eastern North America from the late Miocene to the Early Pliocene [21] [22] and species of the genus Parailurus which first appear in Early Pliocene Europe, spreading across Eurasia into North America. [21] [23] These animals are classified as a sister taxon to the lineage of the modern red panda. In contrast to the herbivorous modern species, these ancient pandas were likely omnivores, with highly cusped molars and sharp premolars. [21] [22] [24]