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After Grindal died in 1548, Elizabeth received her education under her brother Edward's tutor, Roger Ascham, a sympathetic teacher who believed that learning should be engaging. [19] Current knowledge of Elizabeth's schooling and precocity comes largely from Ascham's memoirs. [15] By the time her formal education ended in 1550, Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her generation. [20] At the end of her life, she was believed to speak the Welsh, Cornish, Scottish and Irish languages in addition to those mentioned above. The Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 that she "possessed [these] languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue". [21] Historian Mark Stoyle suggests that she was probably taught Cornish by William Killigrew, Groom of the Privy Chamber and later Chamberlain of the Exchequer. [22] Thomas Seymour Elizabeth's guardian Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, may have sexually abused her. The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign. [141] The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit by poor harvests and the cost of war. Prices rose and the standard of living fell. [172] [173] [141] During this time, repression of Catholics intensified, and Elizabeth authorised commissions in 1591 to interrogate and monitor Catholic householders. [174] To maintain the illusion of peace and prosperity, she increasingly relied on internal spies and propaganda. [172] In her last years, mounting criticism reflected a decline in the public's affection for her. [p] [q] Lord Essex was a favourite of Elizabeth I despite his petulance and irresponsibility. House of Tudor | History, Monarchs, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021 . Retrieved 31 August 2021. Westminster was surcharged with multitudes of all sorts of people in their streets, houses, windows, leads and gutters, that came out to see the obsequy, and when they beheld her statue lying upon the coffin, there was such a general sighing, groaning and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known in the memory of man. [208] Beem, Charles (2011). The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-2301-1214-8. OL 25553298M.

In 1947, Elizabeth married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who died in 2021. Elizabeth and Philip had four children, eight grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren. She died on 8 September 2022 at the age of 97, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III. [3] [4] Early life [ change | change source ] Queen under medical supervision as doctors are concerned for her health. Prince Charles, Camilla and Prince William are currently travelling to Balmoral, Clarence House and Kensington Palace said". Sky News. 8 September 2022 . Retrieved 8 September 2022. Hampden, John Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents (Taylor & Francis, 1972). ISBN 978-0-8173-5703-0, 254. The Queen had several coats of arms. In the UK, they are known as the "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom". Every British monarch has used these arms since the reign of Queen Victoria. The coats of arms used in Scotland and Canada are different to the arms used in England and Wales. BBC – History – Elizabeth I: An Overview". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020 . Retrieved 15 November 2020.In February 2022, Elizabeth II tested positive for COVID-19 after having cold-like symptoms. [20] Faith and duty [ change | change source ]

In January 1549, Seymour was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower on suspicion of conspiring to depose his brother Somerset as Protector, marry Lady Jane Grey to King Edward VI, and take Elizabeth as his own wife. Elizabeth, living at Hatfield House, would admit nothing. Her stubbornness exasperated her interrogator, Robert Tyrwhitt, who reported, "I do see it in her face that she is guilty". [30] Seymour was beheaded on 20 March 1549. [31] Reign of Mary I Mary I and Philip, during whose reign Elizabeth was heir presumptive The Old Palace at Hatfield House in Hertfordshire, where Elizabeth lived during Mary's reign It includes both monarchies and republics. It is now called "The Commonwealth". The Queen is the Head of the Commonwealth. She worked hard to keep peace and good communication between all the nations that are members. At the time of her death, Queen Elizabeth II was head of state of fifteen countries including the UK.

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In 2020, Elizabeth's grandson Prince Harry and his wife Meghan Markle decided to leave the royal family. In several interviews, the couple talked about how being involved with the royal family took a toll on their mental health. This prompted a lot of criticism from media and the public towards the royal family. Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour | English admiral". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020 . Retrieved 22 January 2020. When the Protestant Henry IV inherited the French throne in 1589, Elizabeth sent him military support. It was her first venture into France since the retreat from Le Havre in 1563. Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports. In 1997, Prince Charles' ex-wife Lady Diana Spencer died in a car crash. The royal family went through a period of criticism from the media and public because the divorce had been very controversial. When Elizabeth became Queen on 6 February 1952, she was officially Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka). These were the Commonwealth countries. She was also Queen of the Union of South Africa (which became a republic in 1961).

Meanwhile, Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships in the Caribbean in 1585 and 1586. In 1587 he made a successful raid on Cádiz, destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the Enterprise of England, [135] as Philip II had decided to take the war to England. [136]Elizabeth I Was Likely Anything But a Virgin Queen". 4 February 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020 . Retrieved 1 August 2020. The East India Company was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region and China, and received its charter from Queen Elizabeth on 31 December 1600. For a period of 15 years, the company was awarded a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. James Lancaster commanded the first expedition in 1601. The Company eventually controlled half of world trade and substantial territory in India in the 18th and 19th centuries. [171] Later years