Tempo Regular Menthol Tissues x 1

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Consistent with our findings, experimental induction of sepsis reduced the expression of PCNA in hepatocytes ( 72), and cardiomyocytes ( 73). In the current work, menthol preserved PCNA levels in the lung and kidneys of septic rats, which is in harmony with the observed reduction of activated caspase-3 expression. Experimental induction of severe sepsis reduced the expression of PCNA, which correlated with diminished hepatic tissue regenerative capacity ( 74). These findings ( 74), and ours, are further supported by the results of Abcejo et al. ( 72). Their results showed that PCNA expression inversely correlates with disease severity and mortality. Animals with severe sepsis displayed lower PCNA levels and higher mortality compared with those having a moderate phenotype ( 72). The CLP procedure adopted in our study represents a severe sepsis phenotype and shows a mortality profile comparable to the severe sepsis presented in the study by Abcejo et al. ( 72), which explains the decreased expression of PCNA observed in our untreated septic rats. Thus, the ability of menthol to preserve renal and pulmonary levels of PCNA, although partial, might provide further explanation for the enhanced survival of menthol-treated septic rats. However, whether this preservation of PCNA level is a consequence of the menthol-induced reduction of sepsis severity via reducing oxidative stress and inflammation or is a direct effect of menthol is yet to be answered. Nonetheless, preservation of PCNA levels in the lung and kidney of menthol-treated rats apparently contributes to lower organ damage and improves survival after CLP. The findings of Lin et al. ( 32) contrast with those observed by Liu et al. ( 42), who investigated the effects of The (+)- and (−)- enantiomers of menthol are the most stable among these based on their cyclohexane conformations. With the ring itself in a chair conformation, all three bulky groups can orient in equatorial positions.

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Essential oils are derived from plants. Their purpose is not exactly known, but some experts think that it could be a protective mechanism for the plant; others propose that they might attract pollinators. Peppermint is a popular essential oil used alone and in combination with other essential oils. Menthol is the main component of peppermint oil and is responsible for the noticeable cooling sensation. Menthol is extracted from plants or synthesized and can be found in throat lozenges, intranasal inhalers, lotions, pain creams, foods, and many other products. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Abbreviations Menthol's ability to chemically trigger the cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors in the skin is responsible for the well-known cooling sensation it provokes when inhaled, eaten, or applied to the skin. [3] In this sense, it is similar to capsaicin, the chemical responsible for the spiciness of hot chilis (which stimulates heat sensors, also without causing an actual change in temperature). In certain medications used to treat sunburns, as it provides a cooling sensation (then often associated with aloe).Ten random non-overlapping fields for each slide from each group from lung and kidney tissues were selected and imaged using power X400 ( 46, 47). The mean surface area fraction of anti-cleaved caspase-3, PCNA, Bcl2, and TNF-α immuno-positive cells were measured using ImageJ software (version 1.51k, Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, United States) for image analysis. Statistical Analysis Biswas, L.; Harrison, E.; Gong, Y.; Avusula, R.; Lee, J.; Zhang, M.; Rousselle, T.; Lage, J.; Liu, X. (2016). "Enhancing effect of menthol on nicotine self-administration in rats". Psychopharmacology. 233 (18): 3417–3427. doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4391-x. PMC 4990499. PMID 27473365. Key Findings: A survival study showed that menthol enhanced the survival after sepsis from 0% in septic group to 30%. Septic rats developed histological evidence of ALI and AKI. Menthol markedly suppressed sepsis induced elevation of tissue TNF-a, ameliorated sepsis-induced cleavage of caspase-3 and restored the antiapoptotic marker Bcl2. The GraphPad Prism 6 (version 6.0; San Diego, CA, United States) software was used for statistical analyses. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The difference between means of different groups was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey-Kramer post-ANOVA test for multiple comparisons. Animal survival data were analyzed using the Log-rank Mantel-Cox test. The results were considered statistically significant if the p-values were < 0.05. The correlation between parameters related to kidney injury or lung injury was determined by calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient, r. The correlation is weak when r< | 0.3|, moderate when | 0.3| ≤ r≤ | 0.7|. The correlation is considered strong when r> | 0.7|. Results Effect of Menthol on Sepsis-Induced Mortality

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The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Small Groups Project under grant number (RGP.1/271/43) as well as Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University (grant code 22UQU4310387DSR08) for financial support. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Heba Adel Habib and Amr A. Kamel (Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University) for technical assistance. Conflict of Interest The main form of menthol occurring in nature is (−)-menthol, which is assigned the (1 R,2 S,5 R) configuration. Menthol has local anesthetic and counterirritant qualities, and it is widely used to relieve minor throat irritation. Menthol also acts as a weak κ-opioid receptor agonist. In nonprescription products for short-term relief of minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation e.g.: lip balms and cough medicines. Lau, Benjamin K.; Karim, Shafinaz; Goodchild, Ann K.; Vaughan, Christopher W.; Drew, Geoffrey M. (1 June 2014). "Menthol enhances phasic and tonic GABA A receptor-mediated currents in midbrain periaqueductal grey neurons". Br. J. Pharmacol. 171 (11): 2803–2813. doi: 10.1111/bph.12602. ISSN 1476-5381. PMC 4243856. PMID 24460753. To evaluate kidney function, the serum creatinine level was measured in all groups. Induction of sepsis by the CLP procedure significantly ( p< 0.05) increased the serum creatinine level compared with the sham group, while menthol treatment after CLP surgery significantly ( p< 0.05) abolished this increase ( Figure 3C). Menthol Reduces Oxidative and Improves Antioxidant Activity in Lung and Kidney Tissues of Septic Animals

Chemical and physical properties of menthol

Atkinson, R. W.; Yoshida, H. (1882). "On peppermint camphor (menthol) and some of its derivatives". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 41: 49. doi: 10.1039/CT8824100049.

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There are several limitations in our study, including the inclusion of a standard drug, which is actually hard to find in sepsis research as there are no definite treatment of sepsis or its associated organ dysfunction. Also, our study would be strengthened by the measurement of plasma menthol concentration as well as its concentration in the kidneys or lungs. In addition, because menthol appears to be a molecule with multiple cellular targets, future studies using specific antagonists would help in identifying the actual mechanism of menthol action in sepsis. Conclusion Menthol flavoring in cigarettes might be associated with a higher rate of addiction to smoking. Smoking of all types of cigarettes, including mentholated cigarettes, is unhealthy. Oppenheim, A. (1861). "Note sur le camphre de menthe"[On the camphor of mint]. Comptes Rendus. 53: 379–380. Les analogies avec le bornéol me permettent de proposer pour ce corps le nom de menthol,… [Analogies with borneol allow me to propose the name menthol for this substance,…]

Ethics Statement

I'm very suspicious as I went down with a rotten cold the day after the tissues arrived... did you send a virus in the post? Within the gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory reactions are associated with a number of adverse conditions and pathologies ( 47). As menthol can be administered orally and is safe for human consumption, the potential for menthol to exert anti-inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal tract is attractive, provided these effects can be demonstrated in pathological contexts. Evidence to date suggests that menthol may reduce inflammation associated with gastric ulceration ( 37), gastro-oesophageal reflux-associated inflammation ( 33), and colitis ( 41, 43).

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As a topical analgesic, it is used to relieve minor aches and pains, such as muscle cramps, sprains, headaches and similar conditions, alone or combined with chemicals such as camphor, eucalyptus oil or capsaicin. In Europe, it tends to appear as a gel or a cream, while in the U.S., patches and body sleeves are very frequently used, e.g.: Tiger Balm, or IcyHot patches or knee/elbow sleeves. I did make a big mistake with my favourite balsam tissues in the box, and put them in the lounge on DS's table. DS thought they were wonderful, and used 3/4 of them apperntly to wipe his bum, but I really think he just put them in the bin. I was quite upset.

Introduction

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s Note Menthol is an organic compound, more specifically a monoterpenoid, made synthetically or obtained from the oils of corn mint, peppermint, or other mints. It is a waxy, clear or white crystalline substance, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above. James A. Duke (2002), "PEPPERMINT", Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (2nded.), pp.562–564, ISBN 978-0-8493-1284-7 Moriya, M. (1881). "Contributions from the Laboratory of the University of Tôkiô, Japan. No. IV. On menthol or peppermint camphor". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 39: 77. doi: 10.1039/CT8813900077. The biosynthesis of menthol has been investigated in Mentha × piperita and the enzymes involved in have been identified and characterized. [12] It begins with the synthesis of the terpene limonene, followed by hydroxylation, and then several reduction and isomerization steps.