TickiT 03083 Giant Teeth Demonstration set & We're Going to the Dentist: Going for a Check-up

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a b c d e f g h i j k l Pimiento, C.; MacFadden, B. J.; Clements, C. F.; Varela, S.; Jaramillo, C.; Velez-Juarbe, J.; Silliman, B. R. (2016). "Geographical distribution patterns of Carcharocles megalodon over time reveal clues about extinction mechanisms". Journal of Biogeography. 43 (8): 1645–1655. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12754. S2CID 55776834. When you think about animals with large teeth it’s not surprising that images from Jaws spring to mind. Sharks have cruel, unforgiving teeth that instil terror in humans. The megalodon was a shark that lived in the Cenozoic Era (28MYa to 1.5MYa ago) and their typically triangular teeth could reach an impressive 18 cm long – the largest of any shark before or since. Competition from large odontocetes, such as macropredatory sperm whales which appeared in the Miocene, and a member of genus Orcinus (i.e., Orcinus citoniensis) in the Pliocene, [86] [90] is assumed to have contributed to the decline and extinction of megalodon. [22] [31] :46–47 [108] [113] But this assumption is disputed: [24] The Orcininae emerged in Mid-Pliocene with O. citoniensis reported from the The difficulty identifying these specimens reflects the scarcity of intact fossils for these giant ichthyosaurs. Any specimens which are found are generally fragments of jaw bones or ribs, leading to a great deal of uncertainty over the exact size and lifestyle of these ocean titans. a b c d e f g h Pimiento, Catalina; Ehret, Dana J.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Hubbell, Gordon (2010). Stepanova, Anna (ed.). "Ancient Nursery Area for the Extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10552. Bibcode: 2010PLoSO...510552P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010552. PMC 2866656. PMID 20479893.

a b Woodward, A.S. (1899). Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. British Museum (Natural History). pp.415–420. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.61854. We know that megalodon had become extinct by the end of the Pliocene (2.6 million years ago), when the planet entered a phase of global cooling. Precisely when the last megalodon died is not known, but new evidence suggests that it was at least 3.6 million years ago. The sharks would leave telltale bite marks on other large marine animals, and their huge teeth would continue littering the ocean floors in their tens of thousands. Not to mention that as a warm-water species, megalodon would not be able to survive in the cold waters of the deep, where it would have a better chance of going unnoticed. While there are some features that set the fossils apart from other known ichthyosaurs, the scientists are not confident enough to either assign them to any existing species or name a new one. The processes that formed the Alps have deformed the fossils, which makes it difficult to link them to the remains of relatives found elsewhere.Pimiento, Catalina; Ehret, Dana J.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Hubbell, Gordon (2010). Stepanova, Anna (ed.). "Ancient Nursery Area for the Extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10552. Bibcode: 2010PLoSO...510552P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010552. PMC 2866656. PMID 20479893. ToffeeWorld | Toffee Heaven Ltd Cannot Guarantee The Accuracy Of These Ingredients, Dietary & Nutritional information provided.

Another model of the evolution of this genus, also proposed by Casier in 1960, is that the direct ancestor of the Carcharocles is the shark Otodus obliquus, which lived from the Paleocene through the Miocene epochs, 60 to 13Mya. [29] [32] The genus Otodus is ultimately derived from Cretolamna, a shark from the Cretaceous period. [7] [34] In this model, O. obliquus evolved into O. aksuaticus, which evolved into C. auriculatus, and then into C. angustidens, and then into C. chubutensis, and then finally into C. megalodon. Sharks often employ complex hunting strategies to engage large prey animals. Great white shark hunting strategies may be similar to how megalodon hunted its large prey. [98] Megalodon bite marks on whale fossils suggest that it employed different hunting strategies against large prey than the great white shark. [57] a b c d Perez, Victor; Leder, Ronny; Badaut, Teddy (2021). "Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (1): 1–28. doi: 10.26879/1140. a b Perez, V. J.; Godfrey, S. J.; Kent, B. W.; Weems, R. E.; Nance, J. R. (2019). "The transition between Carcharocles chubutensis and Carcharocles megalodon (Otodontidae, Chondrichthyes): lateral cusplet loss through time". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (6): e1546732. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2018.1546732.

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Davidson, J.P. (2000). "Historical Point of View: Fish Tales: Attributing the First Illustration of a Fossil Shark's Tooth to Richard Verstegan (1605) and Nicolas Steno (1667)". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 150: 329–344. JSTOR 4065077. In his 2015 book, The Story of Life in 25 Fossils: Tales of Intrepid Fossil Hunters and the Wonders of Evolution, Donald Prothero proposed the body mass estimates for different individuals of different length by extrapolating from a vertebral centra based on the dimensions of the great white, [50] a methodology also used for the 2008 study which supports the maximum mass estimate. [51] In 2021, Antonio Ballell and Humberto Ferrón used Finite Element Analysis modeling to examine the stress distribution of three types of megalodon teeth and closely related mega-toothed species when exposed to anterior and lateral forces, the latter of which would be generated when a shark shakes its head to tear through flesh. The resulting simulations identified higher levels of stress in megalodon teeth under lateral force loads compared to its precursor species such as O. obliquus and O. angusteidens when tooth size was removed as a factor. This suggests that megalodon teeth were of a different functional significance than previously expected, challenging prior interpretations that megalodon's dental morphology was primarily driven by a dietary shift towards marine mammals. Instead, the authors proposed that it was a byproduct of an increase in body size caused by heterochronic selection. [71] Internal anatomy a restoration of the skeleton of Otodus megalodon based on modern lamniformes, with known elements of O.megalodon highlighted

Fossil remains show a trend for specimens to be larger on average in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern, with mean lengths of 11.6 and 9.6 meters (38 and 31ft), respectively; and also larger in the Pacific than the Atlantic, with mean lengths of 10.9 and 9.5 meters (36 and 31ft) respectively. They do not suggest any trend of changing body size with absolute latitude, or of change in size over time (although the Carcharocles lineage in general is thought to display a trend of increasing size over time). The overall modal length has been estimated at 10.5 meters (34ft), with the length distribution skewed towards larger individuals, suggesting an ecological or competitive advantage for larger body size. [26] Locations of fossils Whereas the walrus’s tusks are elongated canines the elephant’s massive 300 cm long, 90 kg in weight, tusks are modified incisors. Almost a third of the tusk is embedded in the skull. Their amazing tusks continue to grow through their lives and this happens at a rate of 18 cm per year. Read more.a b c Pimiento, C.; Clements, C. F. (2014). "When Did Carcharocles megalodon Become Extinct? A New Analysis of the Fossil Record". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e111086. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9k1086P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111086. PMC 4206505. PMID 25338197. Reolid, M.; Molina, J. M. (2015). "Record of Carcharocles megalodon in the Eastern Guadalquivir Basin (Upper Miocene, South Spain)". Estudios Geológicos. 71 (2): e032. doi: 10.3989/egeol.41828.342. a b Almgreen, S. E. Bendix (15 November 1983). " Carcharodon megalodon from the Upper Miocene of Denmark, with comments on elasmobranch tooth enameloid: coronoïn". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 32: 1–32. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.514.1782. doi: 10.37570/bgsd-1983-32-01. S2CID 53311833. NAID 10012345550.

Prof Martin Sander is the lead author of a new paper describing this previously undocumented tooth plus a selection of other ichthyosaur remains. He says, 'From our point of view, the tooth is particularly exciting because this is huge by ichthyosaur standards.

What are giant ichthyosaurs, and how did they live?

Whales fall into two broad types the ones with baleen ‘teeth’ that filter food and the ones with ‘proper’ teeth. The sperm whale has the largest teeth of any whale. They are visible only from the lower jaw; the upper jaw’s teeth never erupt. They weigh a kilo each and can be as long as 18 cm each. Unusually for mammals, the sperm whale doesn’t use its teeth for eating and hunting but for display and fighting other males. a b c Wroe, S.; Huber, D. R.; Lowry, M.; McHenry, C.; Moreno, K.; Clausen, P.; Ferrara, T. L.; Cunningham, E.; Dean, M. N.; Summers, A. P. (2008). "Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 276 (4): 336–342. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x. Due to fragmentary remains, there have been many contradictory size estimates for megalodon, as they can only be drawn from fossil teeth and vertebrae. [42] :87 [43] The great white shark has been the basis of reconstruction and size estimation, as it is regarded as the best analogue to megalodon. Several total length estimation methods have been produced from comparing megalodon teeth and vertebrae to those of the great white. [40] [44] [45] [27]