The Big Bang Theory: The Complete Series [DVD] [2007]

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All of this cosmic evolution after the inflationary epoch can be rigorously described and modeled by the lambda-CDM model of cosmology, which uses the independent frameworks of quantum mechanics and general relativity. There are no easily testable models that would describe the situation prior to approximately 10 −15 seconds. [40] Understanding this earliest of eras in the history of the universe is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.

The Big Bang Theory - Season 1-7 [Blu-ray] [2014] [Region The Big Bang Theory - Season 1-7 [Blu-ray] [2014] [Region

Wheaton: I feel like I’m walking through my own house. I have a lot of the same action figures and comic books. Detailed observations of the morphology and distribution of galaxies and quasars are in agreement with the current Big Bang models. A combination of observations and theory suggest that the first quasars and galaxies formed within a billion years after the Big Bang, [103] and since then, larger structures have been forming, such as galaxy clusters and superclusters. [104] Eternal inflation, in which universal inflation ends locally here and there in a random fashion, each end-point leading to a bubble universe, expanding from its own big bang. [154] [155] The Big Bang models developed from observations of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations. In 1912, Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a " spiral nebula" (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth. He did not grasp the cosmological implications of this fact, and indeed at the time it was highly controversial whether or not these nebulae were "island universes" outside our Milky Way. [56] [57] Ten years later, Alexander Friedmann, a Russian cosmologist and mathematician, derived the Friedmann equations from the Einstein field equations, showing that the universe might be expanding in contrast to the static universe model advocated by Albert Einstein at that time. [58]

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Enqvist, K.; Sirkka, J. (September 1993). "Chemical equilibrium in QCD gas in the early universe". Physics Letters B. 314 (3–4): 298–302. arXiv: hep-ph/9304273. Bibcode: 1993PhLB..314..298E. doi: 10.1016/0370-2693(93)91239-J. S2CID 119406262.

Big Bang Theory - BBC The expanding Universe - AQA Big Bang Theory - BBC

Although the show itself didn't dive too much into actual science, the showrunners did hire UCLA astrophysicist David Saltzberg as a science consultant for the entire run of the show, according to Science magazine. Science consultants are often hired for sci-fi and science-related shows and movies to help keep certain aspects realistic. Physicist to stars real life-physicist/UCLA professor David Saltzberg's consulting relationship to the show Hawking, Stephen W.; Penrose, Roger (27 January 1970). "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode: 1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is an observational problem associated with a FLRW. [131] The universe may have positive, negative, or zero spatial curvature depending on its total energy density. Curvature is negative if its density is less than the critical density; positive if greater; and zero at the critical density, in which case space is said to be flat. Observations indicate the universe is consistent with being flat. [133] [134]A few minutes into the expansion, when the temperature was about a billion kelvin and the density of matter in the universe was comparable to the current density of Earth's atmosphere, neutrons combined with protons to form the universe's deuterium and helium nuclei in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). [34] Most protons remained uncombined as hydrogen nuclei. [35] Mattson, Barbara (Project Leader) (8 December 2017). "Hoyle Scoffs at 'Big Bang' Universe Theory". Cosmic Times (hosted by Imagine the Universe!). Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA: High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center. OCLC 227004453. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018 . Retrieved 2 December 2019. The three-disc box set includes all 23 episodes. Special features include " Set Tour with Simon and Kunal", an inside look on the third season and a gag reel. Running Time: 374 minutes.

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Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the universe. If the mass density of the universe were greater than the critical density, then the universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse. It would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state similar to that in which it started—a Big Crunch. [16] After World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's steady-state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. [71] The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced BBN [72] and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the CMB. [73] Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this big bang idea" during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. [48] [43] [notes 3] For a while, support was split between these two theories. Eventually, the observational evidence, most notably from radio source counts, began to favor Big Bang over steady state. The discovery and confirmation of the CMB in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. [74] The theory requires the relation v = H D {\displaystyle v=HD} to hold at all times, where D {\displaystyle D} is the proper distance, v is the recessional velocity, and v {\displaystyle v} , H {\displaystyle H} , and D {\displaystyle D} vary as the universe expands (hence we write H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} to denote the present-day Hubble "constant"). For distances much smaller than the size of the observable universe, the Hubble redshift can be thought of as the Doppler shift corresponding to the recession velocity v {\displaystyle v} . For distances comparable to the size of the observable universe, the attribution of the cosmological redshift becomes more ambiguous, although its interpretation as a kinematic Doppler shift remains the most natural one. [92] The maps give rise to new mysteries, however, such as why the Southern Hemisphere appears slightly redder (warmer) than the Northern Hemisphere. The Big Bang Theory says that the CMB would be mostly the same, no matter where you look. a b Unruh, W.G.; Semenoff, G.W., eds. (1988). The early universe. Reidel. ISBN 90-277-2619-1. OCLC 905464231.Although the Big Bang is often described as an "explosion", that's a misleading image. In an explosion, fragments are flung out from a central point into a pre-existing space. If you were at the central point, you'd see all the fragments moving away from you at roughly the same speed. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle predicts that during the inflationary phase there would be quantum thermal fluctuations, which would be magnified to a cosmic scale. These fluctuations served as the seeds for all the current structures in the universe. [102] :207 Inflation predicts that the primordial fluctuations are nearly scale invariant and Gaussian, which has been confirmed by measurements of the CMB. [82] :sec 6 Emergent Universe models, which feature a low-activity past-eternal era before the Big Bang, resembling ancient ideas of a cosmic egg and birth of the world out of primordial chaos.

Secrets from the set of ‘Big Bang Theory’ - CNN Secrets from the set of ‘Big Bang Theory’ - CNN

Models in which the whole of spacetime is finite, including the Hartle–Hawking no-boundary condition. For these cases, the Big Bang does represent the limit of time but without a singularity. [148] In such a case, the universe is self-sufficient. [149] A related issue to the classic horizon problem arises because in most standard cosmological inflation models, inflation ceases well before electroweak symmetry breaking occurs, so inflation should not be able to prevent large-scale discontinuities in the electroweak vacuum since distant parts of the observable universe were causally separate when the electroweak epoch ended. [132] Magnetic monopoles Overbye, Dennis (15 April 2020). "Why The Big Bang Produced Something Rather Than Nothing – How did matter gain the edge over antimatter in the early universe? Maybe, just maybe, neutrinos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020 . Retrieved 16 April 2020.Thursday Finals: 'Big Bang Theory,' 'The X Factor,' 'Parks & Recreation' and 'Whitney' Adjusted Up|publisher=TV by the Numbers Big bang theory is introduced – 1927". A Science Odyssey. Boston, Massachusetts: WGBH Boston. 1998. Archived from the original on 23 April 1999 . Retrieved 31 July 2014. Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler, Ph.D. – She first met Sheldon in the season 3 finale through Raj and Howard, and is very similar to him, except that she is more open to social interactions and thus more susceptible to conventional behavior. She became close friends with Sheldon in season 4, and became his girlfriend in season 5, though Sheldon is extremely slow to progress the physical aspect of their relationship. By the season 5 finale, they had been progressed to holding hands though Amy is inching Sheldon toward a deeper relationship which gradually started to become intimate in season 6 ending in some "intercourse" game-play between their Dungeons and Dragons characters. In season 7, Sheldon began kissing her on the lips for the first time. In the season 7 finale, she is extremely upset at Sheldon leaving Pasadena. Amy also forms a quirky friendship with Penny, whom Amy frequently refers to as her "bestie," and becomes Bernadette's maid of honor at her and Howard's wedding. At the end of season 8, feeling that her relationship with Sheldon wasn't going anywhere, Amy told him that she needed time away so she could figure out what to do about their relationship. In season 9 Sheldon pushed her and she formally broke up with him. After exploring dating, she realized that she still wants Sheldon who asks her to again be his girlfriend. On her next birthday, they lost their virginity to each other, and she later found out about Sheldon's engagement ring when his Meemaw comes for a visit. In " The Cohabitation Experimentation", Amy and Sheldon tried living together and then decided to live together. In season 11, she and Sheldon became engaged and are married in the season finale of season 11. Also both Sheldon and Amy are very excited about their theory and working together on super-asymmetry of string theory. They submit their paper and it gets confirmed by some Fermi-Lab physicists. The show was taped at Stage 25, Warner Brothers Burbank Studios, 4000 Warner Boulevard, Burbank, California, USA (until it was out of production). Huchra, John P. (2008). "The Hubble Constant". Science. 256 (5055): 321–5. doi: 10.1126/science.256.5055.321. PMID 17743107. S2CID 206574821. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019 . Retrieved 5 December 2019.